A&P II Final Part 2 Flashcards

What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle?

What arteries branch off the arcuate arteries?

In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions?

Which of the following is the most likely to cause pyelonephritis?

Which vessels supply the cortical tissue of the kidney with blood?

What region of the male urethra runs through the urogenital diaphragm, extending about 2 cm from the prostate to the beginning of the penis?

Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of anuria?

The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________.

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.

What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions in the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?

In what part of the renal tubule are aquaporins scarce or absent so that water CANNOT be reabsorbed?

In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located?

Despite the fact that the kidney's intrinsic controls work to maintain a constant GFR, in some situations the body's extrinsic controls will work to override these intrinsic controls in order to maintain systemic blood pressure.

Which statement best describes the effect diuretics have?

Which pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus?

Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to?

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to both solutes and water.

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

Which of the following would only be found in the glomerular filtrate if the glomerular membrane were damaged?

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

Since most patients with renal failure produce little or no urine, hemodialysis often involves removal of water from the blood. However, side-effects may develop if too much fluid is removed from the blood. Which of the following is NOT one of the potential side-effects?

Upon reaching what point in the nephron is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body's needs at the time, and (2) regulated by hormones?

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

The frequency of cystitis in men is lower than in women because ______.

Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.

High pressure vessels that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule

Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.

Play a role in urine concentration

Chemicals that enhance urinary output are called __________.

Which part of the brain controls the micturition reflex?

Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney?

Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway as blood flows into the kidney but NOT present in the venous pathway exiting the kidney?

Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following?

Which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)?

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism?

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?

What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate?

Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter?

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which mechanism?

Under normal conditions, the large renal arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute.

Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur?

A nonfasting urine sample from an individual who has previously ingested donuts and a soft drink showed the presence of sugar (glucose). Which of the following statement explains the presence of the glucose in the urine?

Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________.

Urinary incontinence may occur if a person has ______.

The __________ keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed from the bladder and prevents leaking between voiding.

Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways?

During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space?

The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms?

The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes?

Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion?

What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule?

Hydronephrosis may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following?

Overall, which of the following pressures is ultimately responsible for glomerular filtration?

Which of the following is NOT one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?

Polycystic kidney disease always affects both kidneys instead of only the right or left kidney because ______.

Which statement best describes the function of the urethra?

Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the urinary system is found in male infants only?

Which of the following is the volume of filtrate formed each minute by all of the glomeruli of the kidneys?

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

What type of capillaries make up the glomerulus?

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

Calculate the net filtration pressure if blood pressure in the glomerulus is unusually high, around 68 mm Hg.

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

Site at which most of the tubular absorption occurs

Site of the filtrate formation

Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells

Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
1. major calyx
2. minor calyx
3. nephron
4. urethra
5. ureter
6. collecting duct

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex?

Which of the three parts of the renal tubule is formed by cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli?

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

How can an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril be effective as an antihypertensive?

What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

The leading cause of chronic renal disease is hypertension.

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

What vessel directly feeds into the glomerulus?

Where is filtrate produced in the nephron?

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption?

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption?

Which of the following is the least important influence on reabsorption of a substance in the nephron?

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.

Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion?

Under normal circumstances, most water is lost in __________.

Which of the following does NOT impact how much sodium is reabsorbed?

Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?

Which of the following regulates the secretion of K+ into the filtrate?

What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day?

The body's water volume is closely tied to a powerful water "magnet." What magnet is referred to here?

What is the effect of hyperventilation on pH?

A decrease in blood CO2 levels leads to __________.

Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany?

Which chemical buffer system is the only important system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that resists short-term changes in pH?

Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in ______.

What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid?

Which buffer system is the most abundant in the body?

Where is the majority of water stored in the human body?

Which of the following creates the greatest osmotic pressure?

Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?

Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 -->

In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer?

What solute in body fluids determines most of their chemical and physical reactions?

In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake?

The most common cause of acid-base imbalance is __________.

Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and electrolyte balance?

Select the person in the following list who would have the highest percentage of water in his or her body.

Which hormone raises blood calcium levels?

The role of ADH is to __________.

How much water is generated per day from cellular metabolism?

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues?

What results from increased levels of aldosterone?

Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?

The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?

The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?

In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?

Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is potassium.

Which of the following is an electrolyte?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for dehydration?

A patient is discovered to have a strange craving for iron objects. To try to determine the cause, her physician decides to order tests to determine if this patient might have some type of ______.

The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________.

What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments?

Which of the following abnormalities would not be observed in a patient who has Addison's disease?

What is the most abundant intracellular anion?

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

After traveling from Los Angeles to Denver, Claire finds she is not feeling well and checks into a clinic for help. What is the diagnosis, and what has caused this problem?

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

The fluid that bathes the cells found in tissues is called __________.

A 13-year-old girl is admitted to the psychiatric unit for anorexia. Her body weight is 89 lbs. and height is 64 inches. She admits to frequent self-induced vomiting and abuse of laxatives. She was treated on the medical unit with intravenous fluids. Now that she is on the psychiatric unit she is experiencing fluid retention as evidenced by mild puffiness and bloating. Why did she get these symptoms?

A patient is 72 years old and was admitted to the hospital for severe shortness of breath and edema to her lower extremities. She was diagnosed with heart failure. Which side of the heart failed, and how did this cause edema?

Total body water is not a function of which of the following?

An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid

A condition of unusually low levels of plasma resulting in tissue edema.

A disorder entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone production by the adrenal cortex

Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid

A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.

The regulation of potassium balance ________.

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

Potassium balance is controlled mainly by renal mechanisms.

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

What is the driving force for water intake?

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

PTH (parathyroid hormone) acts on the __________ to __________ Ca2+ reabsorption.

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

What receptors does the brain use to detect changes in osmolality?

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.

In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake?

When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

What hormone helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high?

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema.

Which of the following conditions promotes edema?

What is the hallmark of hypotonic hydration?

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

The regulation of sodium ________.

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only.

A patient's anxiety caused her to develop respiratory alkalosis. What breathing technique did the nurse recommend, and why?

Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

A patient is admitted to the hospital in complete collapse. His blood pH is 6.8, and his HCO3- is 20 mEq/L. A medical history reveals that this patient is a chronic alcoholic. What diagnosis would you give, and what prognosis?

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?

Which portion of the penis is removed through a procedure known as circumcision?

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

In cervical cancer, which cancer cells that cover the cervical tip are most likely to be abnormal?

When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male.

Select the correct statement about male sexual response.

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.

A 38-year-old male is upset about his low sperm count and visits a "practitioner" who commonly advertises his miracle cures of sterility. The practitioner is a quack who treats conditions of low sperm count with megadoses of testosterone. The patient experiences a huge surge in libido. Would this treatment result in a higher or lower sperm count, and why?

Gametes are produced by meiosis.

Prostate cancer is _______.

Sperm is stored in the __________.

Why CAN'T polar bodies be fertilized?

The amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone.

The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________.

Which layer of the uterine wall is made of smooth muscle?

A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environmental temperature is the cremaster.

What is the pigmented ring of skin situated slightly below the center of each breast?

What part of the breast produces milk?

The primary function of the testes is to produce testosterone.

Which of the following is the site where sperm are stored until they are ejaculated?

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.

Sperm are ejaculated from the corpora cavernosa of the penis.

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.

The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.

Which of the following inhibits the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary and GnRH from the hypothalamus when the sperm count is high?

The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as the __________ chromosome number.

The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________.

Specifically, what encloses the vestibule which houses the openings of the urethra and vagina?

Why are the male testes located in the scrotum outside the body?

What is the product of spermatogenesis?

It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature for abundant, viable sperm formation.

Which of the following cells is released during ovulation?

Which of the following glands are responsible for 60% of the synthesis of semen?

The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin.

The prostate atrophies as a man ages, and it usually causes no health problems.

Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?

The male urethra serves the urinary system only.

Why does meiosis involve two nuclear divisions rather than one, as in mitosis?

The mammary glands belong to which of the following systems?

Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.

What are the two fatty, hair-covered skin folds that run posteriorly from the mons pubis?

What part of the female duct system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?

A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Although effective in treating erectile dysfunction, Viagra has the side effect of reducing systemic blood pressure by causing ______.

Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg?

Which of the following conditions might contribute to an increased probability of having an ectopic pregnancy?

Which of the following does NOT add substances to seminal fluid?

What is the function of the blood testis barrier?

Failure to attain erection is called erectile dysfunction.

A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation.

Nondisjunction may occur due to ______.

The __________ develop into the male duct system.

Why does only one egg, rather than four eggs, develop during oogenesis, given that spermatogenesis results in four sperm formed from one stem cell?

The testes are innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS only.

Viable sperm production is optimal at the body's core temperature.

Extremely stressful physical activity in young females can result in excessive bone mass due to large amounts of estrogen production.

A varicocele may hinder blood flow through the pampiniform venous plexus; the reduced venous drainage and the resulting elevated testicular temperature may be caused by ______.

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.

During vasectomy, what accessory duct is cut as a form of birth control?

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the main androgen that is associated with female libido.

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________.

The release of __________ encourages interstitial endocrine cells to release __________.

Normally menstruation occurs when ________.

The "master switch" for male reproductive development is ________.

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle __________.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female?

Oocytes only complete meiosis II if they are fertilized.

Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm and urine?

The duct system of the male reproductive system does not include the ________.

Which of the following is an effect of estrogen in females?

Genetic variation of individual chromosomes occurs during __________.

Which cells produce androgens such as testosterone?

Which of the following is housed within the spermatic cord?

Which of the following keeps the concentration of testosterone in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells high to stimulate spermatogenesis?

During meiosis, what does crossover promote?

Why does meiosis involve two nuclear divisions rather than one, as in mitosis?

The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________.

At what point during meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?

The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________.

Effects of estrogen include ________.

If an untrained person induces an abortion and severely punctures the posterior vaginal wall, there is a potential risk of the puncture wound extending onward into the wall of the ______.

Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?

Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise?

Which of the following may aggravate the symptoms of a prolapsed uterus?

Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes?

Which of the following is an INCORRECT matching of female reproductive structures with their functions?

Which of the following is considered a primary sex organ in females?

Amenorrhea can occur in women engaged in extremely strenuous physical activity, and also occurs in women who ______.

Which of the following will occur after ovulation?

Which of the following results from spermiogenesis?

At what point during meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?

The __________ connects the uterus to the vagina.

Which hormone promotes the formation of secondary sex characteristics such as the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair, enhanced hair growth on the chest, and a deepening voice?

Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur?

Which of the following occurs during spermiogenesis?

The ovaries are situated in the peritoneal cavity flanking the uterus.

Enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate the egg are located in the __________ of the sperm cell.

The brain-testicular axis ________.

If embryonic testes do not produce testosterone, a genetic male develops female external genitalia. However, if embryonic testes properly produce testosterone, but a genetic male nevertheless develops female external genitalia, the cause could be ______.

The __________, a layer of the endometrium, is shed during each menstruation and is then regenerated by the __________.

Sperm is produced in the __________ of the testes.

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________.

Spermatogenesis ________.

A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________.

When it is cold, the scrotum is pulled away from the body.

The secretions of the bulbo-urethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

A man who has had a successful orchiectomy may still be able to have children because ______.

Select the correct statement about testosterone control.

The ability of a male to ejaculate is due to the action of ________.

Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?

How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth?

Which structure of the female's external genitalia has erectile tissue like the penis?

Erection of the penis results from ________.

The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase.

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?

Which of the following cells is returned to the basal lamina to continue the pool of dividing germ cells?

The testis is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body.

Specifically, what encloses the vestibule which houses the openings of the urethra and vagina?

Viable sperm production is optimal at the body's core temperature.

Which of the following organs is NOT a part of the HPG axis?

The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the ________.

Which specific layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation, approximately every 28 days?

Which of the following is the haploid cell produced as a result of meiosis I?