front 1 Functions of respiration | back 1 Supply blood with 02 and dispose of C02 |
front 2 Four processes of respiration | back 2 Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport, and internal respiration |
front 3 Pulmonary Ventilation | back 3 (breathing) movement of air into and out of lungs |
front 4 External Respiration | back 4 02 and C02 exchange between lungs and blood |
front 5 Transport | back 5 02 and C02 in blood |
front 6 Internal Repiration | back 6 02 and C02 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues |
front 7 Conducting zone includes: | back 7 Conduits for air to reach sites of gas exchange
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front 8 Respiratory zone includes: | back 8 Site of gas exchange
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front 9 Respiratory Muscles include: | back 9 diaphragm, external intercostal, and other muscles |
front 10 Functions of the nose | back 10 Airway for respiration, moistening and warming air, filtering air, resonating chambers for speech, and housing olfactory receptors |
front 11 The nose consists of | back 11 The external nose and the nasal cavity (entirely within the skull) |
front 12 The nasal cavity consists of: | back 12 Olfactory and respiratory mucosa |
front 13 Nares are: | back 13 Nostrils |
front 14 Nasal Vestibule: location | back 14 Nasal cavity superior to nares |
front 15 Vibrissae are: | back 15 Hairs that filter course particle from inspired air |
front 16 Olfactory mucosa: location and function | back 16 Lines superior nasal cavity and contains olfactory recptors |
front 17 Respiratory Mucosa: location and function | back 17 Lines the nasal cavity and contains lysozyme and definsins to destroy bacteria |
front 18 Superior, middle, and inferior nasal chonchae function | back 18 Increase mucosal area, enhance air turbulence, and help filter and moisten air |
front 19 Paranasal Sinuses: location and function | back 19 In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.
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front 20 What is the pharynx?
| back 20 Funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly and larynx and esophagus inferiorly
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front 21 Nasopharynx | back 21 Serves only as an air passageway and contains pharyngeal tonsils |
front 22 Oropharynx | back 22 Air and food passageway that extends inferiorly from soft palate to epiglottis |
front 23 Laryngopharynx | back 23 Air and food passageway that lies posterior to the epiglottis, extends to the larynx, and continues inferiorly with the esophagus |
front 24 Larynx: location and functions (3) | back 24 Attaches to hyphoid bone and opens into laryngopharynx superiorly and is continuous with the trachea inferiorly.
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front 25 Epiglottis | back 25 Elastic cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing |
front 26 Larynx consists of | back 26 Hyaline cartilage, thyroid, cricoid, paired arytendoid, corniculate, cuneiform, and epiglottis. |
front 27 Voice ligaments: location and composed of | back 27 Found in the larynx attached to arytendoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
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front 28 What is the glottis? Its function? | back 28 The medial opening between voice ligaments.
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front 29 Vestibular folds form the:
| back 29 False vocal cords
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front 30 Speech | back 30 intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis |
front 31 Pitch | back 31 determined by the length and tension of vocal cords |
front 32 Loudness | back 32 depends upon force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords |
front 33 Chambers of the pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities.... | back 33 amplify and enhance sound quality |
front 34 Sound is shaped into language by | back 34 muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips |
front 35 What is the trachea and where is it located? | back 35 Windpipe. From the larynx to the mediastinum |
front 36 Composed of what 3 layers | back 36 Mucosa, Submucosa, and Adventitia |
front 37 Mucosa | back 37 made up of goblet cells and pseudostratified ciliated epithelium |
front 38 Submucosa | back 38 connective tissue deep in the mucosa |
front 39 Adventitia | back 39 outermost layer made of c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage |
front 40 Bronchial Tree: Location and includes? | back 40 Begins at trachea, ends at terminal bronchioles, and branches from trachea.
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front 41 Respiratory Zone: Location
| back 41 Begins as terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
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front 42 Alveoli: Amount and Function | back 42 Approximately 300 million and account for most of the lungs volume
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front 43 The air blood barrier is composed of | back 43 Pulmonary capillaries and alveolar walls and their fused basement membranes |
front 44 Alveolar Walls | back 44 Single layer of epithelial cells that permit gas exchange by simple diffusion |
front 45 Aveoli are... | back 45 Surrounded by fine elastic fibers, contain open pores, and have macrophages that keep their surface sterile |
front 46 Lungs are found in the | back 46 Thoracic cavity, each lung is suspended in its own pleura cavity and connected to mediastinum via lung roots |
front 47 Each lobe of the lungs contain | back 47 bronchopulmonary segments each served by its own artery, vein, and tertiary bronchus |
front 48 Left lung | back 48 Oblique fissure
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front 49 Right lung | back 49 Oblique and horizontal fissures
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front 50 Lung tissue consists of | back 50 air spaces and elastic connective tissue |
front 51 What are the 2 lung circulations | back 51 Pulmonary Network and Bronchial ateries |
front 52 Pulmonary Network supplies | back 52 systemic blood to the lungs for oxygenation |
front 53 Bronchial ateries | back 53 provide systemic blood to lung tissue |
front 54 The lungs are innervated by | back 54 parasympathetic and sympathetic motor fibers and visceral sensory fibers that constrict and dilate airways |
front 55 What is the pleura?
| back 55 Thin double layered serosa
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front 56 Inspiration
| back 56 Air flow into the lungs
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front 57 Intrapulmonary pressure | back 57 pressure in the alveoli that rises and falls with respiration but always eventually equals out with atmospheric pressure |
front 58 Intrapleural pressure | back 58 pressure within the pleura cavity that rises and falls during respiration but is always about 4 mm Hg less that intrapulmonary pressure |
front 59 Pulmonary ventilation | back 59 mechanical process that causes gas to flow in and out of the lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity |
front 60 Boyles Law | back 60 states that at a constant temp. the pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume |
front 61 During quiet inspiration | back 61 diaphragm and intercostals contract, resulting in an increase in thoracic volume, which causes intrapulmonary pressure to drop below atmospheric pressure, and air flows into the lungs |
front 62 During forced inspiration | back 62 accessory muscles of the neck and thorax contract, increasing thoracic volume beyond the increase in volume during quiet respiration |
front 63 Quiet expiration | back 63 passive process that relies mostly on elastic recoil of the lungs as the thoracic muscles relax |
front 64 Forced expiration | back 64 active process relying on contraction of abdominal muscles to increase intrabdominal pressure and depress the rib cage |
front 65 Air resistance | back 65 the friction encountered by air in the air passageways |
front 66 As airway resistance increases | back 66 Gas flow is reduced |
front 67 Alevolar surface tension due to water in the alveoli acts to | back 67 draw the walls of the alveoli together, presenting a force that must be overcome to expand the lungs |
front 68 Lung compliance is determine by | back 68 Distensibility of lung tissue and thoracic cage as well as alveolar surface tension |
front 69 Respiratory capacities evaluated by | back 69 Respiratory volumes and specific combinations of volumes |
front 70 Tidal volume | back 70 amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath |
front 71 Inspiratory reserve volume | back 71 amount of air that can be forcefully inspired beyond tidal volume |
front 72 Expiratory reserve | back 72 amount of air that can be evacuated from the lungs after tidal expiration |
front 73 Residual volume | back 73 amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal forced expiration |
front 74 Inspiratory capacity | back 74 sum of tidal and expiratory reserve and is the amount of volume that can be inspired after tidal expiration |
front 75 Functional residual capcicty | back 75 combined residual volume and expiratory volume and is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after tidal expiration |
front 76 Vital capacity | back 76 sum of tidal, inspiratory, expiratory reserve volumes and is the total amount of exchangeable air |
front 77 Total lung capacity | back 77 total of all volumes |
front 78 Anatomical dead space | back 78 volume of the conducting zone conduits and never contributes to gas exchange |
front 79 Pulmonary function test | back 79 evaluates losses in respiratory function using a spirometer to distinguish between obtrusive and restrictive pulmonary disorders |
front 80 Non respiratory air movements | back 80 cause movement of air in and out of lungs but are not related to breathing (coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawning) |
front 81 Dalton's law | back 81 total pressure exerted by a mixture of gasses is the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas in the mixture |
front 82 Henry's Law | back 82 when a mixture of gases in in contact with a liquid each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure |
front 83 The composition of alveolar gas differs from atmospheric due to | back 83 Gas exchange occurring in the lungs, humidification of air due to conducting passages, and mixing of alveolar gas that occurs with each breath |
front 84 External respiration is | back 84 02 uptake, and C02 unloading from hemoglobin in red blood cells |
front 85 There is a partial gradient between blood in the alveoli and pulmonary arteries because however carbon dioxide moves in the on a gradient that is | back 85 steep; blood diffuses quickly from alveoli into blood
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front 86 The difference in the degree of the gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide reflects that | back 86 carbon dioxide is much more soluble that oxygen in blood |
front 87 Ventilation profusion coupling ensures | back 87 a close match between the amount of gas reaching the alveoli and the blood flow in pulmonary capilaries |
front 88 Respiratory membrane is | back 88 very thin and presents a huge surface area for effcient gas exchange |
front 89 For internal respiration the diffusion rate for oxygen and carbon dioxide are from external respiration and pulmonary gas exchange | back 89 reversed |
front 90 What is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues?
| back 90 low so that oxygen diffuses readily into tissue
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front 91 What % of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?
| back 91 1.5%
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front 92 How many oxygen molecules can be carried on one hemoglobin? | back 92 4 |
front 93 Efficiency of hemoglobin oxygen transport | back 93 hemoglobin becomes more attracted to oxygen each time it loads and unloads making transport very efficent |
front 94 At high plasma partial pressures of oxygen
| back 94 Very little oxygen is unloaded
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front 95 What are the influences of hemoglobin's saturation at any given partial pressure? | back 95 Temp, blood ph, P C02, and the amount of BPG in blood |
front 96 What are the ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood? (3) | back 96 7-10% dissolved is plasma, 20% carried on hemoglobin bound the globin, and 70% is bicarbonate |
front 97 What is the medulla oblongata's role in breathing? | back 97 contains the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups |
front 98 Dorsal respiratory group
| back 98 Neurons that act as a pace setting for breathing
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front 99 What is the pon's role in breathing? | back 99 Contains the pontine respiratory group |
front 100 Pontaine respiratory group | back 100 modifies the breathing rhythm and prevents overinflation of the lungs through inhibiting the medullary respiratory centers |
front 101 Chronic Obtrusive Pulmonary Diseases: AKA
| back 101 COPD
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front 102 Obtrusive Emphysema
| back 102 Type of COPD: permanently enlarged alveoli and deterioration of alveolar walls
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front 103 Asthma: What is is?
| back 103 causes coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness caused by active inflammation of the airways |
front 104 Tuberculosis: What is it?
| back 104 infectious disease caused by bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis and spread by coughing and inhalation |
front 105 Lung Cancer: Common?
| back 105 It is the most common type of malignancy in both sexes
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front 106 Squamous cell carcinoma | back 106 Arises from epithelium of bronchi and causes masses that hollow out and bleed |
front 107 Adenocarcinoma | back 107 Originates in peripheral lung areas as nodules that develop from bronchial glands and alveolar cells |
front 108 Small cell carcinoma | back 108 Contains lymphocyte like cells that form clusters within the mediastinum and rapidly metastasize |