Human Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 22- Respiratory System Flashcards

Supply blood with 02 and dispose of C02

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport, and internal respiration

(breathing) movement of air into and out of lungs

02 and C02 exchange between lungs and blood

02 and C02 in blood

02 and C02 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Conduits for air to reach sites of gas exchange
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi

Site of gas exchange
Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

diaphragm, external intercostal, and other muscles

Airway for respiration, moistening and warming air, filtering air, resonating chambers for speech, and housing olfactory receptors

The external nose and the nasal cavity (entirely within the skull)

Olfactory and respiratory mucosa

Nostrils

Nasal cavity superior to nares

Hairs that filter course particle from inspired air

Lines superior nasal cavity and contains olfactory recptors

Lines the nasal cavity and contains lysozyme and definsins to destroy bacteria

Increase mucosal area, enhance air turbulence, and help filter and moisten air

In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.
Lighten skull, warm and moisten air , and play a role in resonance of sound.

Funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly and larynx and esophagus inferiorly
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Serves only as an air passageway and contains pharyngeal tonsils

Air and food passageway that extends inferiorly from soft palate to epiglottis

Air and food passageway that lies posterior to the epiglottis, extends to the larynx, and continues inferiorly with the esophagus

Attaches to hyphoid bone and opens into laryngopharynx superiorly and is continuous with the trachea inferiorly.
Airway, routes air and food into proper channels, and voice production

Elastic cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing

Hyaline cartilage, thyroid, cricoid, paired arytendoid, corniculate, cuneiform, and epiglottis.

Found in the larynx attached to arytendoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
Elastic fibers that form mucosal called true vocal cords

The medial opening between voice ligaments.
They vibrate to produce sound as air rushed up from lungs

False vocal cords
Superior to vocal folds
No part in sound production and help to close the glottis during swallowing

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

determined by the length and tension of vocal cords

depends upon force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords

amplify and enhance sound quality

muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

Windpipe. From the larynx to the mediastinum

Mucosa, Submucosa, and Adventitia

made up of goblet cells and pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

connective tissue deep in the mucosa

outermost layer made of c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Begins at trachea, ends at terminal bronchioles, and branches from trachea.
Secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

Begins as terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts, then to terminal clusters of alveolar sacs composed of alveoli

Approximately 300 million and account for most of the lungs volume
Provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange

Pulmonary capillaries and alveolar walls and their fused basement membranes

Single layer of epithelial cells that permit gas exchange by simple diffusion

Surrounded by fine elastic fibers, contain open pores, and have macrophages that keep their surface sterile

Thoracic cavity, each lung is suspended in its own pleura cavity and connected to mediastinum via lung roots

bronchopulmonary segments each served by its own artery, vein, and tertiary bronchus

Oblique fissure
Divided into two lobe

Oblique and horizontal fissures
Divided into three lobes

air spaces and elastic connective tissue

Pulmonary Network and Bronchial ateries

systemic blood to the lungs for oxygenation

provide systemic blood to lung tissue

parasympathetic and sympathetic motor fibers and visceral sensory fibers that constrict and dilate airways

Thin double layered serosa
Covers thoracic wall, superior diaphragm, and continues around heart between the lungs
Covers external lungs surface and follows its contours and fissures

Air flow into the lungs
Gases exit the lungs

pressure in the alveoli that rises and falls with respiration but always eventually equals out with atmospheric pressure

pressure within the pleura cavity that rises and falls during respiration but is always about 4 mm Hg less that intrapulmonary pressure

mechanical process that causes gas to flow in and out of the lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity

states that at a constant temp. the pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume

diaphragm and intercostals contract, resulting in an increase in thoracic volume, which causes intrapulmonary pressure to drop below atmospheric pressure, and air flows into the lungs

accessory muscles of the neck and thorax contract, increasing thoracic volume beyond the increase in volume during quiet respiration

passive process that relies mostly on elastic recoil of the lungs as the thoracic muscles relax

active process relying on contraction of abdominal muscles to increase intrabdominal pressure and depress the rib cage

the friction encountered by air in the air passageways

Gas flow is reduced

draw the walls of the alveoli together, presenting a force that must be overcome to expand the lungs

Distensibility of lung tissue and thoracic cage as well as alveolar surface tension

Respiratory volumes and specific combinations of volumes

amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath

amount of air that can be forcefully inspired beyond tidal volume

amount of air that can be evacuated from the lungs after tidal expiration

amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal forced expiration

sum of tidal and expiratory reserve and is the amount of volume that can be inspired after tidal expiration

combined residual volume and expiratory volume and is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after tidal expiration

sum of tidal, inspiratory, expiratory reserve volumes and is the total amount of exchangeable air

total of all volumes

volume of the conducting zone conduits and never contributes to gas exchange

evaluates losses in respiratory function using a spirometer to distinguish between obtrusive and restrictive pulmonary disorders

cause movement of air in and out of lungs but are not related to breathing (coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawning)

total pressure exerted by a mixture of gasses is the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas in the mixture

when a mixture of gases in in contact with a liquid each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

Gas exchange occurring in the lungs, humidification of air due to conducting passages, and mixing of alveolar gas that occurs with each breath

02 uptake, and C02 unloading from hemoglobin in red blood cells

steep; blood diffuses quickly from alveoli into blood
other direct; much less steep

carbon dioxide is much more soluble that oxygen in blood

a close match between the amount of gas reaching the alveoli and the blood flow in pulmonary capilaries

very thin and presents a huge surface area for effcient gas exchange

reversed

low so that oxygen diffuses readily into tissue
Similar to oxygen gradient but in the reverse direction

1.5%
Carried on hemoglobin

4

hemoglobin becomes more attracted to oxygen each time it loads and unloads making transport very efficent

Very little oxygen is unloaded
Much more oxygen is unloaded to supply the tissues

Temp, blood ph, P C02, and the amount of BPG in blood

7-10% dissolved is plasma, 20% carried on hemoglobin bound the globin, and 70% is bicarbonate

contains the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups

Neurons that act as a pace setting for breathing
Functions mostly during forced breathing

Contains the pontine respiratory group

modifies the breathing rhythm and prevents overinflation of the lungs through inhibiting the medullary respiratory centers

COPD
Smoke
Dyspnea, coughing, frequent pulmonary infections, and respiratory failure

Type of COPD: permanently enlarged alveoli and deterioration of alveolar walls
Type of COPD: excessive mucus production as well as inflamation and fibrosis of the lower respiratory mucosa

causes coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness caused by active inflammation of the airways

infectious disease caused by bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis and spread by coughing and inhalation

It is the most common type of malignancy in both sexes
Smoking

Arises from epithelium of bronchi and causes masses that hollow out and bleed

Originates in peripheral lung areas as nodules that develop from bronchial glands and alveolar cells

Contains lymphocyte like cells that form clusters within the mediastinum and rapidly metastasize