front 1 Pathogen | back 1 any organism capable of causing disease in its host |
front 2 Jenner | back 2 first inoculation |
front 3 Semmelweiss | back 3 linked handwashing to disease |
front 4 Hook | back 4 named cells |
front 5 Koch | back 5 anthrax |
front 6 Ehrlich | back 6 father of chemotherapy |
front 7 Pasteur | back 7 pasterization |
front 8 Pasteur | back 8 rabies incoluation |
front 9 Lister | back 9 used carbon acid in surgery |
front 10 What are the four organic compounds | back 10 Alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, organic acid |
front 11 enzymes | back 11 protein catalyst that controls the rate of chemical reactions in cells |
front 12 denaturization | back 12 disruption of hydrogen bonds an other weak forces that maintain the structure of a globular protein |
front 13 wet mount | back 13 technique in which a drop of fluid containing microorganisms is place on a slide |
front 14 smear | back 14 thin layer of liquid specimen spread out on a microscopic slide |
front 15 stain | back 15 molecule that can bind a structure and give it color |
front 16 Why is a gram stain important? | back 16 Determines type of antibiotic may be effective due to cell wall construction |
front 17 coccus | back 17 spherical |
front 18 bacillus | back 18 rod-shaped |
front 19 spirillum | back 19 wavy or spiral |
front 20 staphylo | back 20 clusters |
front 21 strepto | back 21 chains |
front 22 diplo | back 22 pairs |
front 23 tetra | back 23 four cells in a cube |
front 24 sarchina | back 24 eight cells in a cube |
front 25 Gram positive | back 25 lot of peptidoglycan and is sensitive to antibiotics |
front 26 Gram negative | back 26 thin layer of peptidoglycan and less sensitive to antibiotics |
front 27 endospore | back 27 resistant, dormant structure that can survive adverse conditions |
front 28 endotoxin | back 28 toxin incorporated in gram-negative bacteria cell walls and released when bacteria dies |
front 29 L forms | back 29 irregularly shaped naturally occurring bacteria with defective cell walls |
front 30 denaturization of enzymes | back 30 loses normal shape; cannot form enzyme-substrate complex |
front 31 Lag phase | back 31 adapt to new environments and getting ready to divide |
front 32 log phase | back 32 period of greatest cell division: exhibits most typical size and shape |
front 33 stationary phase | back 33 population remains the same: some cells form while the same amount dies |
front 34 decline phase | back 34 more and more cells die |
front 35 Physical growth | back 35 pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, moisture, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and radiation |
front 36 Nutritional | back 36 carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phospherus, trace elements, and vitamins |
front 37 streak plate | back 37 bacteria are lightly spread over the same surface of agar plates, results in isolated colonies |
front 38 defined synthetic medium | back 38 contains known specific kinds and amount of chemical substances |
front 39 complex medium | back 39 reasonably familiar materials but varies slightly in chemical composition from batch to batch |
front 40 natural media | back 40 bacteria and other things growing together in oceans, lakes, and soil & living and dead organisms |
front 41 selective media | back 41 encourages growth of some organisms but suppresses growth of other organisms |
front 42 differential medium | back 42 observable changes (color, pH) |
front 43 mutagen | back 43 agent that increases rate of mutations |
front 44 transformation | back 44 change in an organisms characteristics because of transfer of genetic information |
front 45 transduction | back 45 transferring genetic material by DNA being carried by bacteria-phages |
front 46 conjugation | back 46 genetic material change but the donor and recipient must have contact & transfers much larger quantities of DNA |
front 47 nucleic acid | back 47 DNA |
front 48 capsid | back 48 protein subunit that surround nucleic acid |
front 49 enveloped viruses | back 49 bilayer membrane outside their capsid |
front 50 naked virus | back 50 no bilayer membrane outside of capsid |
front 51 spikes | back 51 projections extending from viral envelope |
front 52 viral specificity | back 52 specific kinds of cell a virus can infect whether a virus can or cannot attach to a cell |
front 53 prion | back 53 exceedingly small infectious particle consisting of protein without any nucleic acid |
front 54 parasite | back 54 an organism that lives at the expense of another organism |
front 55 host | back 55 thing that a parasite attaches to |
front 56 definitive host | back 56 harbor parasite while it reproduces sexually |
front 57 reservoir hosts | back 57 infected organism that make parasites available for transmission to other hosts |
front 58 helmiths | back 58 worms |
front 59 scolex | back 59 head end of tapeworm |
front 60 progliottid | back 60 body components mainly of reproductive organs of both sexes |
front 61 hyphae | back 61 a long, threadlike structure of cells in fungi |
front 62 Platyhelminthes | back 62 flatworms that live in or on hosts |
front 63 nematodes | back 63 roundworms that live in the intestine or circulatory system of hosts |
front 64 What percent of alcohol is most effective | back 64 70% |
front 65 what all affect the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents | back 65 time, temperature, pH, & concentration |
front 66 Agents kill by what means | back 66 chemical and physical |
front 67 antibiotic | back 67 chemical substance produced by microorganisms which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of bacteria |
front 68 superinfection | back 68 invasion by replacement microflora |
front 69 zone of inhibition | back 69 clear area that appears on agar in the disk diffusion method |
front 70 pathogen | back 70 parasite capable of causing disease in a host |
front 71 contamination | back 71 presence of microorganisms on inanimate objects or surfaces of skin and mucous membranes |
front 72 infection | back 72 multiplication of a parasitic organism, usually microscopic, within or upon the host's body |
front 73 virulence | back 73 degree of intensity of the disease produced by a pathogen |
front 74 sign | back 74 disease characteristic that can be observed by examining the patient |
front 75 symptom | back 75 disease characteristic that can be observed or felt only by the patient, pain or nausea |
front 76 sequelae | back 76 aftereffect of a disease |
front 77 endemic | back 77 disease that is constantly present in a specific population |
front 78 epidemic | back 78 disease that has a higher than normal incidence in a population over a relatively short period of time |
front 79 pandemic | back 79 epidemic that has become world wide |
front 80 virulence factors | back 80 characteristics that improve the chance of successful host invasion and infection |
front 81 CDC | back 81 Center of Disease Control |
front 82 nosocomial infections | back 82 infection acquired in a hospital or other medical facility |
front 83 top nosocomial infections | back 83 Staphlococcus aureus, E. coli, streptococcus |
front 84 sites of nosocomial infections | back 84 urinary tract, surgical wounds |
front 85 adaptive (specific) immunity | back 85 mount defense against particular infectious agents by responses to that agent |
front 86 innate (nonspecific) immunity | back 86 immunity exists in an organism because genetically determined characteristics |
front 87 B cells | back 87 lymphocytes that are processed and mature |
front 88 T cells | back 88 cells in thymus that undergo differentiation into thymus-derived cells |