front 1 What are the important arteries in the splanchnic circulation? | back 1 Superior mesenteric Inferior mesenteric |
front 2 What are the functions of the mucosa layer in the alimentary canal? | back 2 Protection against pathogens Absorption of nutrients Secretion of mucus |
front 3 What is the function of the myenteric nerve plexus? | back 3 Controlling peristalsis |
front 4 Which organs are part of the splanchnic circulation? | back 4 Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery |
front 5 What is the purpose of hydrolysis in digestion? | back 5 Breaking macromolecules apart Adding water to facilitate digestion |
front 6 Why are orally administered drugs often designed to bypass the liver? | back 6 To deliver drugs directly to the bloodstream To prevent overburdening of the liver |
front 7 Which enzymes are responsible for breaking down proteins? | back 7 Pancreatic enzymes Pepsin |
front 8 Which macromolecule is broken down by pancreatic lipases? | back 8 Fats |
front 9 What causes peritonitis? | back 9 Ulcers Piercing wounds Ruptured appendix |
front 10 What is the role of the gut brain? | back 10 Containing a large number of neurons Regulating muscle contractions in the GI tract |
front 11 How is digestion categorized? | back 11 Catabolic Breaking macromolecules into monomers |
front 12 Why is it important to drink water with meals? | back 12 To aid in hydrolysis To prevent macromolecules from being retained in the digestive tract |
front 13 What are the harmful effects of 'leaky gut syndrome'? | back 13 Greater absorption of harmful or large molecules Decreased number or function of tight junctions |
front 14 Which layers make up the alimentary canal? | back 14 muscularis externa mucosa serosa submucosa |
front 15 What happens in the presence of peritonitis? | back 15 Immune system response to inflammation Localization of infection threats |
front 16 What is the function of the submucosal nerve plexus? | back 16 Regulation of smooth muscle Regulation of glands |
front 17 Which organ receives nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs? | back 17 Superior mesenteric artery Liver |
front 18 What is the purpose of the portal vein? | back 18 Allowing the liver to metabolize toxicants Delivering nutrient-rich blood to the liver |
front 19 What is the difference between submucosal and myenteric nerve plexus? | back 19 Submucosal regulates glands and smooth muscle Myenteric controls peristalsis |
front 20 What is the responsibility of the dorsal mesentery? | back 20 Keeping digestive organs in place Attaching to visceral peritoneum |
front 21 What does the digestive system do? | back 21 Maintains cellular energy/building blocks Removes indigestible substances |
front 22 Which conditions can be caused by inflamed peritoneum? | back 22 Localizing infection threats Peritonitis |
front 23 Which macromolecule is broken down by salivary amylase in the mouth? | back 23 Proteins Carbohydrates |
front 24 Which macromolecules are broken down by pancreatic nucleases in the small intestine? | back 24 Nucleic acids |
front 25 What is the purpose of peristalsis? | back 25 Wave-like contractions Transport of food through the GI tract |
front 26 Which substances does tubular secretion rid the body of? | back 26 metabolites chemicals that regulate blood pH ions |
front 27 What is the significance of a renal clearance of 125 mL/min? | back 27 glomerular filtration rate is functioning |
front 28 What is the hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries? | back 28 55 mmHg |
front 29 What is responsible for moving Cl-, Ca+2, K+, and urea in tubular reabsorption? | back 29 paracellular route |
front 30 Which substances in urine indicate diabetes mellitus? | back 30 ketone bodies glucose |
front 31 Which component(s) can indicate urinary tract infection? | back 31 leukocytes |
front 32 Which hormones regulate sodium and water in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? | back 32 antidiuretic hormone aldosterone |
front 33 How much of the daily oxygen usage is used by the kidneys? | back 33 1/4 |
front 34 Which solutes are cotransported with Na+ in tubular reabsorption? | back 34 organic solutes |
front 35 What is the purpose of leaky tight junctions in tubular reabsorption? | back 35 allow paracellular route move Cl-, Ca+2, K+, and urea |
front 36 What is the function of aquaporins in PCT cells? | back 36 hormonally regulate water allow water reabsorption |
front 37 What is the function of tubular secretion? | back 37 move substances from blood to filtrate |
front 38 What is the function of the renin-angiotensin system? | back 38 regulate aldosterone levels |
front 39 What factors determine renal clearance? | back 39 urine flow rate glomerular filtration rate |
front 40 What determines the amount of substance cleared by the kidneys? | back 40 urine concentration urine flow rate plasma concentration |
front 41 What are the functions of GFR intrinsic controls? | back 41 maintain blood pressure of glomerular capsule |
front 42 Which substance(s) make(s) up the largest component of nitrogenous waste? | back 42 urea |
front 43 What is the flow rate of urine formation used for in renal clearance? | back 43 compare concentrations in urine and plasma |
front 44 Which blood vessels are included in the juxtaglomerular complex? | back 44 afferent arteriole efferent arteriole |
front 45 What is the function of the nephron loop? | back 45 allow water to leave passive to sodium transport |
front 46 What is produced by tubule cells in tubular secretion to bind to ions? | back 46 HCO3- |
front 47 Which substance(s) can indicate pregnancy? | back 47 proteins |
front 48 Which substances can indicate proteinuria? | back 48 proteins |
front 49 Which hormone(s) regulates water and sodium in the distal tubule and collecting duct? | back 49 aldosterone antidiuretic hormone |
front 50 What is the normal clearance rate for inulin? | back 50 125 mL/min |
front 51 Where are the nephrons located? | back 51 renal cortex |
front 52 What is the first renal process? | back 52 glomerular filtration |
front 53 What is the chemical composition of urine? | back 53 5% solutes 95% water |