What are the important arteries in the splanchnic circulation?
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
What are the functions of the mucosa layer in the alimentary canal?
Protection against pathogens
Absorption of nutrients
Secretion of mucus
What is the function of the myenteric nerve plexus?
Controlling peristalsis
Which organs are part of the splanchnic circulation?
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
What is the purpose of hydrolysis in digestion?
Breaking macromolecules apart
Adding water to facilitate digestion
Why are orally administered drugs often designed to bypass the liver?
To deliver drugs directly to the bloodstream
To prevent overburdening of the liver
Which enzymes are responsible for breaking down proteins?
Pancreatic enzymes
Pepsin
Which macromolecule is broken down by pancreatic lipases?
Fats
What causes peritonitis?
Ulcers
Piercing wounds
Ruptured appendix
What is the role of the gut brain?
Containing a large number of neurons
Regulating muscle contractions in the GI tract
How is digestion categorized?
Catabolic
Breaking macromolecules into monomers
Why is it important to drink water with meals?
To aid in hydrolysis
To prevent macromolecules from being retained in the digestive tract
What are the harmful effects of 'leaky gut syndrome'?
Greater absorption of harmful or large molecules
Decreased number or function of tight junctions
Which layers make up the alimentary canal?
muscularis externa
mucosa
serosa
submucosa
What happens in the presence of peritonitis?
Immune system response to inflammation
Localization of infection threats
What is the function of the submucosal nerve plexus?
Regulation of smooth muscle
Regulation of glands
Which organ receives nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs?
Superior mesenteric artery
Liver
What is the purpose of the portal vein?
Allowing the liver to metabolize toxicants
Delivering nutrient-rich blood to the liver
What is the difference between submucosal and myenteric nerve plexus?
Submucosal regulates glands and smooth muscle
Myenteric controls peristalsis
What is the responsibility of the dorsal mesentery?
Keeping digestive organs in place
Attaching to visceral peritoneum
What does the digestive system do?
Maintains cellular energy/building blocks
Removes indigestible substances
Which conditions can be caused by inflamed peritoneum?
Localizing infection threats
Peritonitis
Which macromolecule is broken down by salivary amylase in the mouth?
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Which macromolecules are broken down by pancreatic nucleases in the small intestine?
Nucleic acids
What is the purpose of peristalsis?
Wave-like contractions
Transport of food through the GI tract
Which substances does tubular secretion rid the body of?
metabolites
chemicals that regulate blood pH
ions
What is the significance of a renal clearance of 125 mL/min?
glomerular filtration rate is functioning
What is the hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries?
55 mmHg
What is responsible for moving Cl-, Ca+2, K+, and urea in tubular reabsorption?
paracellular route
Which substances in urine indicate diabetes mellitus?
ketone bodies
glucose
Which component(s) can indicate urinary tract infection?
leukocytes
Which hormones regulate sodium and water in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
antidiuretic hormone
aldosterone
How much of the daily oxygen usage is used by the kidneys?
1/4
Which solutes are cotransported with Na+ in tubular reabsorption?
organic solutes
What is the purpose of leaky tight junctions in tubular reabsorption?
allow paracellular route
move Cl-, Ca+2, K+, and urea
What is the function of aquaporins in PCT cells?
hormonally regulate water
allow water reabsorption
What is the function of tubular secretion?
move substances from blood to filtrate
What is the function of the renin-angiotensin system?
regulate aldosterone levels
What factors determine renal clearance?
urine flow rate
glomerular filtration rate
What determines the amount of substance cleared by the kidneys?
urine concentration
urine flow rate
plasma concentration
What are the functions of GFR intrinsic controls?
maintain blood pressure of glomerular capsule
Which substance(s) make(s) up the largest component of nitrogenous waste?
urea
What is the flow rate of urine formation used for in renal clearance?
compare concentrations in urine and plasma
Which blood vessels are included in the juxtaglomerular complex?
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
What is the function of the nephron loop?
allow water to leave
passive to sodium transport
What is produced by tubule cells in tubular secretion to bind to ions?
HCO3-
Which substance(s) can indicate pregnancy?
proteins
Which substances can indicate proteinuria?
proteins
Which hormone(s) regulates water and sodium in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
What is the normal clearance rate for inulin?
125 mL/min
Where are the nephrons located?
renal cortex
What is the first renal process?
glomerular filtration
What is the chemical composition of urine?
5% solutes
95% water
