front 1 Phylogeny | back 1 a branching diagram that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
front 2 How are species distinguished | back 2 morphological characteristics, molecular/genetic characteristics, biochemistry |
front 3 How are species categorized | back 3 Kingdoms or domains |
front 4 homology | back 4 phenotypic and genetic similarity due to shared ancestry |
front 5 analogy | back 5 similarity due to convergent evolution |
front 6 convergent evolution | back 6 occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptions in organisms from different evolutionary lineages |
front 7 Genome | back 7
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front 8 Kingdoms | back 8 Monera (prokaryotes) protista plantae fungi animalia |
front 9 Domains | back 9 bacteria archaea eukarya |
front 10 KPCOFGS | back 10 kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
front 11 Endosymbiotic Theory | back 11 mitochondria and chloroplasts in Eukaryotes came from symbiotic bacteria |
front 12 Horizontal gene transfer | back 12 The movement of genes from one genome to another |
front 13 Structure of Prokaryotes | back 13 no nucleus no membrane bound organelles bacteria and archaea microscopic (usually) spheres (cocci), rods (bacillu), spirals |
front 14 Function of Prokaryotes | back 14 rapid reproduction horizontal gene transfer resting stages dispersal |
front 15 Nutritional Strategies | back 15 Phototroph chemotroph autotroph heterotrophs |
front 16 Protists Supergroups | back 16 excavate SAR clade archeplastida unikonta |
front 17 Protist | back 17 Anything that isn't a plant, animal, fungus, or bacteria |
front 18 Excavata | back 18 Diplomonads and parabasalids lack plastids |
front 19 SAR clade | back 19 Stramenophiles Alveolates Rhizarians |
front 20 Archaeplastida | back 20 parent group of modern land plants red algae and green algae |
front 21 Unikonts | back 21 Amoebozoans Opisthokonts animals, plants, fungi, and some protists |
front 22 Protist Importance | back 22 Photosynthetic protists (producers, foundation of food web) symbiotic (gut symbionts, dinoflagellates and coral) |
front 23 Fungi Energy Source | back 23 Heterotroph (other + feed) saprophytic (rotten + plant) symbiotic (+/+) parasitic (+/-) |
front 24 Fungi Structure | back 24 Single-cell (yeast) mycelia hyphae chitin |
front 25 Fungal Mycelia | back 25 interwoven networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption (drinking straw for nutrients) |
front 26 Fungal Hyphae | back 26 tiny filaments with very high surface area (individual drinking straw) |
front 27 Fungal chitin | back 27 Cell Wall (equivalent of cellulose cell wall for plants) |
front 28 Mycorrhizae | back 28 Delivers ions and minerals to plants supply the fungi with organic nutrients (carbohydrates) |
front 29 Haploid Cells | back 29 Spores |
front 30 Plasmogamy | back 30 union of cytoplasm from 2 parent mycelia |
front 31 Karyogamy | back 31 Haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid cells diploid phase undergoes meiosis, producing haploid spores |
front 32 Generalized Life Cycle of Fungi | back 32 Sexual Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)=heterokaryotic stage karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) meiosis--spores germination--mycelium Asexual spore producing structures spores germination |
front 33 Fungal Groups | back 33 Zygomycetes (ecologically diverse) Glomeromycetes (mycorrhizal symbiosis with plant roots) higher fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) |
front 34 Ascomycetes | back 34 Sac Fungi produce sexual spores containing fruiting body |
front 35 Basiodiomyctes | back 35 Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi Decomposers of wood in response to environmental stimuli, mycelium reproduces sexually by producing fruit bodies |
front 36 Lichen | back 36 Symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus algae provide carbon compounds while fungi provide environment for growth |
front 37 Derived Traits of Land Plants | back 37 Alternation of generations multicellular, dependent embryos walled spores produced in sporangia multicellular gametangia (reproductive structures) apical meristems |
front 38 Gametophyte | back 38 haploid gametes produced by mitosis gametes fuse to form diploid zygote |
front 39 Sporophyte | back 39 diploid produces haploid spores my meiosis spores grow into haploid gametophytes |
front 40 Alternation of Generation | back 40 Gametophyte=mitosis=fertilization=mitosis sporophyte=meiosis=spore=gametophyte |
front 41 archegonia | back 41 Female gametangia, produce eggs are are the site of fertilization |
front 42 antheridia | back 42 male gametangia, produce and release sperm |
front 43 stomata | back 43 specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant |
front 44 cuticle | back 44 waxy covering of the epidermis |
front 45 Bryophyte | back 45 Nonvascular plant mosses dominated by gametophytes |
front 46 Xylem | back 46 conducts most of the water and minerals |
front 47 phloem | back 47 has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
front 48 Sporophylls | back 48 modified leabes with sporangia |
front 49 Sporangia | back 49 capsule containing haploid spores |
front 50 Sori | back 50 clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls |
front 51 Megaspores | back 51 give rise to female gametophytes heterosporous |
front 52 Microspores | back 52 Give rise to male gametophytes Heterosporous |
front 53 Seed | back 53 consists of embryo and nutrients surrounded by protective coat |
front 54 Seed plants | back 54 reduced gametophytes (microscopic) heterospory pollen (air borne) ovules |
front 55 Conifers | back 55 seeds that are exposed on sporophylls that form cones |
front 56 Megasporangium | back 56 diploid tissue where haploid megaspore is formed (meiosis) |
front 57 Megaspore | back 57 Haploid cell that grows into the female gametophyte |
front 58 Gymnosperm Phyla | back 58 Coniferophyte cycadophyte gnetophyta ginkgophyta |
front 59 Derived Traits of seed plants | back 59 reduced gametophytes heterospory ovules pollen seeds |