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Biology of Plants and Animals Exam 1

front 1

Phylogeny

back 1

a branching diagram that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

front 2

How are species distinguished

back 2

morphological characteristics, molecular/genetic characteristics, biochemistry

front 3

How are species categorized

back 3

Kingdoms or domains

front 4

homology

back 4

phenotypic and genetic similarity due to shared ancestry

front 5

analogy

back 5

similarity due to convergent evolution

front 6

convergent evolution

back 6

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptions in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

front 7

Genome

back 7

  • comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to determine relatedness

front 8

Kingdoms

back 8

Monera (prokaryotes)

protista

plantae

fungi

animalia

front 9

Domains

back 9

bacteria

archaea

eukarya

front 10

KPCOFGS

back 10

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

front 11

Endosymbiotic Theory

back 11

mitochondria and chloroplasts in Eukaryotes came from symbiotic bacteria

front 12

Horizontal gene transfer

back 12

The movement of genes from one genome to another

front 13

Structure of Prokaryotes

back 13

no nucleus

no membrane bound organelles

bacteria and archaea

microscopic (usually)

spheres (cocci), rods (bacillu), spirals

front 14

Function of Prokaryotes

back 14

rapid reproduction

horizontal gene transfer

resting stages

dispersal

front 15

Nutritional Strategies

back 15

Phototroph

chemotroph

autotroph

heterotrophs

front 16

Protists Supergroups

back 16

excavate

SAR clade

archeplastida

unikonta

front 17

Protist

back 17

Anything that isn't a plant, animal, fungus, or bacteria

front 18

Excavata

back 18

Diplomonads and parabasalids

lack plastids

front 19

SAR clade

back 19

Stramenophiles

Alveolates

Rhizarians

front 20

Archaeplastida

back 20

parent group of modern land plants

red algae and green algae

front 21

Unikonts

back 21

Amoebozoans

Opisthokonts

animals, plants, fungi, and some protists

front 22

Protist Importance

back 22

Photosynthetic protists (producers, foundation of food web)

symbiotic (gut symbionts, dinoflagellates and coral)

front 23

Fungi Energy Source

back 23

Heterotroph (other + feed)

saprophytic (rotten + plant)

symbiotic (+/+)

parasitic (+/-)

front 24

Fungi Structure

back 24

Single-cell (yeast)

mycelia

hyphae

chitin

front 25

Fungal Mycelia

back 25

interwoven networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption (drinking straw for nutrients)

front 26

Fungal Hyphae

back 26

tiny filaments with very high surface area (individual drinking straw)

front 27

Fungal chitin

back 27

Cell Wall

(equivalent of cellulose cell wall for plants)

front 28

Mycorrhizae

back 28

Delivers ions and minerals to plants

supply the fungi with organic nutrients (carbohydrates)

front 29

Haploid Cells

back 29

Spores

front 30

Plasmogamy

back 30

union of cytoplasm from 2 parent mycelia

front 31

Karyogamy

back 31

Haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid cells

diploid phase undergoes meiosis, producing haploid spores

front 32

Generalized Life Cycle of Fungi

back 32

Sexual

Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)=heterokaryotic stage

karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)

meiosis--spores

germination--mycelium

Asexual

spore producing structures

spores

germination

front 33

Fungal Groups

back 33

Zygomycetes (ecologically diverse)

Glomeromycetes (mycorrhizal symbiosis with plant roots)

higher fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes)

front 34

Ascomycetes

back 34

Sac Fungi

produce sexual spores containing fruiting body

front 35

Basiodiomyctes

back 35

Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

Decomposers of wood

in response to environmental stimuli, mycelium reproduces sexually by producing fruit bodies

front 36

Lichen

back 36

Symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus

algae provide carbon compounds while fungi provide environment for growth

front 37

Derived Traits of Land Plants

back 37

Alternation of generations

multicellular, dependent embryos

walled spores produced in sporangia

multicellular gametangia (reproductive structures)

apical meristems

front 38

Gametophyte

back 38

haploid

gametes produced by mitosis

gametes fuse to form diploid zygote

front 39

Sporophyte

back 39

diploid

produces haploid spores my meiosis

spores grow into haploid gametophytes

front 40

Alternation of Generation

back 40

Gametophyte=mitosis=fertilization=mitosis

sporophyte=meiosis=spore=gametophyte

front 41

archegonia

back 41

Female gametangia, produce eggs are are the site of fertilization

front 42

antheridia

back 42

male gametangia, produce and release sperm

front 43

stomata

back 43

specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant

front 44

cuticle

back 44

waxy covering of the epidermis

front 45

Bryophyte

back 45

Nonvascular plant

mosses

dominated by gametophytes

front 46

Xylem

back 46

conducts most of the water and minerals

front 47

phloem

back 47

has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

front 48

Sporophylls

back 48

modified leabes with sporangia

front 49

Sporangia

back 49

capsule containing haploid spores

front 50

Sori

back 50

clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls

front 51

Megaspores

back 51

give rise to female gametophytes

heterosporous

front 52

Microspores

back 52

Give rise to male gametophytes

Heterosporous

front 53

Seed

back 53

consists of embryo and nutrients surrounded by protective coat

front 54

Seed plants

back 54

reduced gametophytes (microscopic)

heterospory

pollen (air borne)

ovules

front 55

Conifers

back 55

seeds that are exposed on sporophylls that form cones

front 56

Megasporangium

back 56

diploid tissue where haploid megaspore is formed (meiosis)

front 57

Megaspore

back 57

Haploid cell that grows into the female gametophyte

front 58

Gymnosperm Phyla

back 58

Coniferophyte

cycadophyte

gnetophyta

ginkgophyta

front 59

Derived Traits of seed plants

back 59

reduced gametophytes

heterospory

ovules

pollen

seeds