front 1 Which of the following interactions between the warbler species is shown in the diagram? | back 1 Resource partitioning |
front 2 Based upon the data presented in the graph, which of the following best identifies the highest wolf population size? | back 2 170 |
front 3 Which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment? | back 3 Low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation. |
front 4 Which environment is characterized by the highest diversity of tree species? | back 4 B |
front 5 The zone that has the greatest biodiversity | back 5 A |
front 6 Which of the following regions of the ocean is LEAST likely to contain photosynthetic organisms? | back 6 Abyssal zone |
front 7 Based on the diagram above, which process most directly results in the storage of carbon as coal and oil over millions of years? | back 7 Decomposition |
front 8 Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to nitrate. | back 8 Nitrification |
front 9 Which of the following diagrams correctly illustrates the nitrogen cycle? | back 9 N2 and N2 |
front 10 The net primary production of a pine forest on a lava flow on Mount Fuji is about 175,000kcal/m2/yr, and the plant respiration is estimated to be 115,000kcal/m2/yr. What is the total amount of energy transferred during photosynthesis for this ecosystem? | back 10 290,000kcal/m2/yr |
front 11 Which of the following best describes the net primary productivity of an ecosystem? | back 11 Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem. SUBTRACTED |
front 12 Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level? | back 12 Deer |
front 13 Primary producers in a lake ecosystem store approximately 25,000 kcal/m2/yr of energy in their biomass. Which of the following identifies the most likely amount of energy available to a tertiary consumer in this ecosystem? | back 13 25kcal/m2/yr |
front 14 Which of the following is the primary energy source for producers in near-surface marine communities? | back 14 Solar energy from the Sun |
front 15 Based on the diagram, which of the following best describes the most likely direct effect of a decline of the small fish population on the marine food web? | back 15 The jellyfish population will increase because of decreased predation. INCREASE |
front 16 Which of the following is a measure of the biodiversity of an ecosystem? | back 16 The total number of different plant species |
front 17 Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? | back 17 Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. |
front 18 Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests? | back 18 Recreation and scenic areas for tourism |
front 19 Which of the following correctly describes the disruption of an ecosystem service by an anthropogenic activity? | back 19 Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuels, which leads to an increase in air pollution. |
front 20 The many finch species of the Galápagos Islands evolved from a single species that immigrated to the islands from the coast of South America. These species differ primarily in beak shape, which is closely related to the type of food each species specializes in eating. Which of the following best explains why each of the finch species on the Galápagos Islands evolved to be specialists? | back 20 Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items. |
front 21 Five islands, A, B, C, D, and E, differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity? | back 21 Island: B |
front 22 Which of the following best describes the frog species’ range of tolerance to acidic conditions? | back 22 The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6. 4.5 AND 6 |
front 23 Organisms adapted to surviving in water with the widest range of salinity would most likely be native species in which of the following marine environments? | back 23 An estuary within a lagoon |
front 24 Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data? | back 24 The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period. |
front 25 In England approximately 250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on. Which of the following statements best describes how the moths adapted to the new environment over time? | back 25 The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population. ENDS WITH POPULATION |
front 26 The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Which of the following statements best explains the changes in the size and composition of the population of finches after the drought? | back 26 The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. DECREASED AND LARGER-BEAKED |
front 27 At which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness? | back 27 100 years |
front 28 Based on the diagram above, in which stage are most species present considered pioneer species? | back 28 II |
front 29 Based on the data in the table, which ecosystem is in the earliest stages of succession? | back 29 Ecosystem B |
front 30 The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that grows best in nutrient-poor, acidic soil. They typically grow in certain longleaf pine savanna ecosystems in the Carolinas. Which of the following terms best describes this species? | back 30 A specialist species, because it thrives only in soils with low |
front 31 Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species? | back 31 Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists. GENERALISTS |
front 32 Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best identifies the reproductive strategy of harbor seals? | back 32 K-selected |
front 33 Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species? | back 33 They have longer life spans. |
front 34 Which of the following graphs best displays population size over time of an | back 34 Graph goes straight up |
front 35 Dandelions grow quickly and produce many seeds, ensuring that at least some plants will survive and produce seeds themselves. Which curve best represents the survivorship of dandelions? | back 35 D |
front 36 In the graph below charting the growth of a population of organisms, the line labeled K represents the... | back 36 carrying capacity of the population |
front 37 The snowshoe hare (a member of the rabbit family) is the primary prey for the Canadian lynx. The Canadian lynx is a wild feline that is slightly larger than a bobcat. Scientists plan to investigate the relative sizes of the hare and the lynx populations over a 3-year period. Based on predator-prey dynamics, which of the following identifies the hypothesis most likely to be supported by the study? | back 37 An increase in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size. INCREASE AND HARE POPULATION |
front 38 Which of the following can be interpreted from an age-structure diagram of a country? | back 38 The relative population growth rate of the population |
front 39 Based on the data in the age structure diagram, which of the following best describes the population of Country A? | back 39 Country A is fairly stable, and birth rates are low. BIRTH RATES ARE LOW |
front 40 Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following?
| back 40 I, II, and III |
front 41 The world population growth rate in 2015 is about 1 percent. It is expected to drop to 0.5 percent by 2050, partly because of increased access to birth control in developing nations. Another likely cause for the expected decline is | back 41 increasing numbers of women entering the workforce in developing nations |
front 42 In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was 2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate? | back 42 Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life. |
front 43 Which of the following describes the changes in a country’s demographics as it begins its transition from a preindustrial state to an industrial state? | back 43 Population increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreases INCREASE AND BIRTH RATE HIGH |
front 44 Which stage has high birth rates and rapidly decreasing death rates as a result of improved access to health care? | back 44 B |
front 45 In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition? | back 45 Stage 1 |
front 46 Which soil horizon is best developed in areas with dense vegetation, such as forests and grasslands, since the horizon consists of decomposing leaves and other plant material? | back 46 A |
front 47 Which soil horizon is the least weathered horizon and contains rock that is starting to break down into soil? | back 47 D |
front 48 This layer of Earth’s atmosphere has the highest density of any atmospheric layer and contains most of the water vapor in the atmosphere. | back 48 Troposphere |
front 49 Which of the following correctly characterizes one of Earth’s atmospheric layers? | back 49 Layer D is the thermosphere, where auroras are found. |
front 50 This layer of Earth’s atmosphere contains the ozone layer that absorbs the sun's ultraviolet rays. | back 50 Stratosphere |
front 51 Compared with people in developing countries, people in industrialized countries are more likely to eat | back 51 beef |
front 52 Which of the following is a biome found at 30° | back 52 Deserts |
front 53 Which of the following accurately describes a benefit of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) ? | back 53 Concentrated animal feeding operations are efficient and relatively low-cost facilities that help keep consumer costs low. EFFICIENT |
front 54 The cities of Edmonton and Calgary are relatively far north and at high elevation. Which of the following best explains the data presented in their ecological footprints? | back 54 Colder average temperatures and longer nights in Edmonton and Calgary lead to high energy usage to heat and light homes. |
front 55 Based on the data in the graph, which of the following Canadian cities had the lowest average per capita ecological footprint? | back 55 Ottawa |
front 56 Carbon dioxide equivalent ( CO2 | back 56 Raising beef contributes more to greenhouse gases than raising chickens does, primarily as a result of fermentation in cows’ digestive tracts, which releases methane gas. |
front 57 Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity? | back 57 Clear-cutting |
front 58 Which of the following shows the approximate concentration of CO2 , N2 , and O2 in dry air? | back 58 CO2 ----> 10% |
front 59 Which of the following problems is best addressed with contour plowing? | back 59 Soil erosion |
front 60 Which of the following best describes a transform boundary? | back 60 An area where two tectonic plates slide past one another |
front 61 Which of the following best explains why the lower portion of the troposphere is warmer than the upper portion? | back 61 The surface of Earth absorbs sunlight, heating the lower portion of the troposphere more than the upper part. |
front 62 El Niño, a periodic warming of ocean surface waters, occurs in which of the following regions? | back 62 Tropical East Pacific |
front 63 The low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of | back 63 reduced ocean upwelling along the coast |
front 64 Which of the following best achieves the goal of providing wood products for humans while preserving biodiversity? | back 64 Selective cutting of large areas of old-growth forest |
front 65 Which of the following best explains why City B regularly receives less precipitation than City A? | back 65 The rain shadow effect causes City B to be drier because the mountain blocks precipitation from reaching the city. |
front 66 The most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere is | back 66 nitrogen |
front 67 In which of the following atmospheric layers does most weather occur? | back 67 Troposphere |
front 68 Which of the following statements best identifies the author’s assumptions in terms of a new green revolution? | back 68 Current agricultural practices and strategies need to be evaluated in order to meet the demand for increased food production. |
front 69 Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion? | back 69 No-till agriculture |
front 70 Which of the following is the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing size? | back 70 Clay—silt—sand |
front 71 Based on the soil texture triangle, which of the following would describe soil that was 25% clay, 25% silt, and 50% sand? | back 71 Sandy clay loam |
front 72 What are the proportions of sand, silt, and clay for the soil at point T? | back 72 % sand ----> 60 |
front 73 The Sun’s radiation provides the energy for all of the following EXCEPT | back 73 plate tectonics |
front 74 Which of the following is the best illustration of the tragedy of the commons? | back 74 Depletion of fishing stocks in the North Atlantic |
front 75 Which of the following is the best example of a tragedy of the commons? | back 75 Accumulation of plastics in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch |