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26 notecards = 7 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Final Exam

front 1

Functions of the upper airway

back 1

  • Act as a conductor of air
  • Humidify & warm or cool the inspired air
  • prevent foreign materials from entering the tracheobronchial tree
  • serve as an important area involved in speech & smell

front 2

Anatomy of the airway

back 2

Nose, oral cavity, pharynx & larynx

front 3

Anatomy of the lungs

back 3

no data

front 4

Hemoglobin O2 & CO2 binding

back 4

no data

front 5

Lung compliance and Resistance and Elastance

  • How the body responds to increased/ decreased compliance and resistance

back 5

no data

front 6

Ventilation-Perfusion relationships and Deadspace

  • Causes of increased ventilation-perfusion ratio

back 6

Deadspace(is perfusion with little to no ventilation)

Increased V/Q (PAO2 rises & PACO2 falls)

  • Increase in ventilation
  • Decrease in perfusion 1. PACO2-decrease because its washed out alveoli faster than its replaced [increased RR] 2. PAO2- increased because it doesn't diffuse into blood as fast as it enters the alveoli & because the PACO2 is decrease) seen in upper segment of upright lung

front 7

Ventilation-Perfusion relationships and Deadspace

  • Causes of decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio

back 7

Decreased V/Q (PAO2 falls & PACO2 rises)

  • Decrease in ventilatio
  • Increase in perfusion (1. PAO2 falls because O2 is removed faster than it's replenished by ventilation 2. PACO2 rises because CO2 is removed out of blood faster than it it washed out of alveoli. seen in upper segment of upright lung

front 8

Oxygen dissociation curve

  • What causes right shift

back 8

Right Shift (decreased affinity)

  • Decrease in pH
  • Increase in PaCO2
  • Increase in temp
  • Increase in 2,3 DPG

(2,3 DPG=diphoshoglyceric acid; end product of glucose metabolism; can bind Hb causing structure to change & decreasing affinity)

front 9

Oxygen dissociation curve

  • What causes left shift

back 9

Left Shift (increased affinity)

  • Increase in pH
  • Decrease in PaCO2
  • Decrease in temp
  • Decrease in 2,3 DPG
  • Hb Fetal
  • COHb

front 10

Alveolar gas equation

PA0 2=[PB - PH2O] Fio2 - PaCO2 (1.25)

PA0 2=[760 - 47] Fio2 - PaCO2 (1.25)

back 10

PA0 2=[PB - PH2O] Fio2 - PaCO2 (1.25)

Example:

=[755-47]0.40-55(1.25)

=[708]0.40-68.75

=[283.2]-68.75

=214.45

front 11

ABG Interpretation

pH 7.35-7.45 BE +2

PaCO2 35-45

PaO2 85-100

HCO- 3 22-26

back 11

7.30/65/80/24/5 =uncompensated respiratory acidosis w/normal O2

7.50/38/60/34/3=uncompensated metabolic alkalosis w/mild hypoxemia

7.35/49/78/29/0= fully compensated respiratory acidosis w/mild hypoxemia

7.18/34/79/5/-10=partially compensated metabolic acidosis w/mild hypoxemia

front 12

Hemodynamic normals values

Central Venous Pressure

back 12

CVP

0-8 mm Hg

front 13

Hemodynamic normals values

Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure

back 13

mPAP

9-18 mm Hg

front 14

Hemodynamic normals values

Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure

Pulmonary Artery Wedge

Pulmonary Artery Occlusion

back 14

PCWP | PAW | PAO

4-12 mm Hg

front 15

Hemodynamic normals values

Cardiac Index

back 15

CI

2.5-4.2 L/min/m2

front 16

Hemodynamic normals values

Cardiac Output

back 16

CO

4-8 L/min

front 17

Hemodynamic normals values

Systemic Vascular Resistance

back 17

SVR

800-1500 dynes * sec * cm-5

front 18

Hemodynamic normals values

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

back 18

PVR

20-120 dynes * sec * cm-5

front 19

Hemodynamic normals values

Right Atrial Pressure

back 19

RAP

0-8 mm Hg

front 20

Hemodynamic normals values

Stroke Volume

back 20

SV

60-130 mL

front 21

Hemodynamic normals values

Stroke Volume Index

back 21

SVI

30-60 mL/beat/m2

front 22

Hemodynamic normals values

Right Ventricular Stroke Work Index

back 22

RVSWI

7-12 g m/m2

front 23

Hemodynamic normals values

Left Ventricular Stroke Work Index

back 23

LVSWI

40-60 g m/m2

front 24

Hyperbaric oxygenation indications

back 24

HBO indications

  • Gas embolism
  • Burn patients
  • Carbon monoxide patients
  • Necrotizing infections such as gangrene

front 25

Effects of high altitudes on cardiopulmonary system

back 25

Barometric pressure & PO2 in the atmosphere decrease with altitude

body does several things to compensate (term is called- acclimatization)

8ways

  • Increase in alveolar ventilation V.A (PAO2 decreases to 60mmHG)
  • Polycythemia (increase in RBC low O2 over time)
  • Acid Base status (PACO2 decreases because of increased ventilation causing respiratory alkalosis)
  • Oxygen diffusion capacity (only with ppl who live in high altitude areas[mountains])
  • PA-a difference [alveolar minus arterial] (oxygen diffusion is limited at high altitudes resulting in an increased PA-a difference)
  • V/Q relationships (ratio improves because of increased pulmonary arterial BP)
  • Cardiac output (with decreased oxygen in the environment it causes increased cardiac output)
  • Pulmonary vascular system (decreased oxygen causes pulmonary vasoconstriction which leads to pulmonary hypertension)

front 26

Effects of high pressure on cardiopulmonary system

back 26

  • Diving (for every 33ft below surface pressure increases by 1 ATM)
  • Breath hold diving (a delicate balance between oxygen and CO2 levels exist)
  • Hyperbaric medicine (patients are placed in hyperbaric chamber & O2 is administered while ambient pressure is increased) this increases tissue oxygenation