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  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

64 notecards = 16 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

blood and tissues

front 1

Tissues

back 1

Groups of similar cells organized to perform the same function.

front 2

Histology

back 2

Study of tissues.

front 3

Organs

back 3

Composed of different tissues to form a unit with specific functions.

front 4

Organ Systems

back 4

Organs working together for a specific function.

front 5

Cells are recognized and bound by

back 5

Extracellular Matrix (mostly glycoproteins, secreted by fibroblasts in connective tissue). Carbohydrate Markers on cell membranes.

front 6

Desmosomes

back 6

Weld cells into a strong sheet, allowing free passage of substances; found in tissues under stress (e.g., heart muscle).

front 7

Tight Junctions

back 7

Form a barrier to block transport between cells; found in epithelial layers (e.g., intestines).

front 8

Gap Junctions

back 8

Channels for electrical and ion communication; found in areas requiring rapid communication (e.g., heart).

front 9

Epithelial

back 9

Covers/lines surfaces.

front 10

Connective

back 10

Binds tissues (e.g., connects skin layers).

front 11

Muscle

back 11

Enables movement.

front 12

Nervous

back 12

Facilitates communication.

front 13

Epithelial Tissue Overview

back 13

  • Definition: Tightly packed cells forming continuous sheets, covering surfaces or lining cavities.
  • Polarity: Cells have an apical side (exposed to fluid/air) and a basal side (attached to connective tissue via the basement membrane made of collagen).
  • Functions: Protection, secretion, sensation.

front 14

Locations of epithelial

back 14

  1. Epidermis (skin).
  2. Digestive tract.
  3. Respiratory tract (windpipe, lungs).
  4. Kidney tubules.

front 15

Types of Epithelial Arrangements:

back 15

  1. Simple: One cell layer.
  2. Stratified: Multiple layers, only the bottom layer attached to the basement membrane.
  3. Pseudostratified: Appears layered but isn’t; all cells touch the basement membrane.

front 16

Cell Shapes:

back 16

  1. Squamous: Flat, ideal for diffusion (e.g., alveoli, blood vessels).
  2. Columnar: Tall, aids in absorption/secretion (e.g., intestines, with villi/microvilli).
  3. Cuboidal: Cube-like, often for secretion (e.g., thyroid, kidney tubules).

front 17

Simple Squamous

back 17

Single layer, flat, found in diffusion areas.

front 18

Stratified Squamous

back 18

Multiple layers, flat, for protection (e.g., skin, mouth).

front 19

Simple Columnar

back 19

Single layer, tall, for absorption/secretion (e.g., intestines).

front 20

Simple Cuboidal

back 20

Single layer, cube-shaped, common in glands (e.g., thyroid).

front 21

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

back 21

Appears layered, ciliated, found in respiratory tract, with goblet cells producing mucus to trap debris.

front 22

Glandular Epithelium

back 22

Specialized for secretion.

front 23

Exocrine Glands

back 23

Secrete into ducts (e.g., sweat glands).

front 24

Endocrine Glands

back 24

Ductless, secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

front 25

Connective Tissue Overview

back 25

  • Function: Supports and binds other cells.
  • Matrix: Non-living material that can be solid, liquid, or semi-liquid; contains fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular).
  • Fiber Types:
    • Collagen
    • Elastic
    • Reticular

front 26

Collagen

back 26

Strong, not elastic, for support.

front 27

Elastic

back 27

Stretchy, allows tissues to "snap back."

front 28

Reticular

back 28

Thin, branched, supports other tissues.

front 29

Types of Connective Tissue

back 29

  1. Loose (Areolar
  2. Adipose (Fat):
  3. Fibrous/Dense:
  4. Cartilage:
  5. Bone:

front 30

Loose (Areolar):

back 30

  • Holds organs in place, binds epithelium to underlying tissue.
  • Contains all three fiber types.
  • Cells: Fibroblasts (produce matrix), macrophages (immune).

front 31

  1. Adipose (Fat):

back 31

  • Specialized for lipid storage, insulation, and cushioning.
  • Cells: Adipocytes (fat cells).

front 32

  1. Fibrous/Dense:

back 32

  • Dense Regular: Parallel collagen fibers, strong (e.g., tendons, ligaments).
  • Dense Irregular: Interwoven collagen, in areas with stress from multiple directions (e.g., skin dermis).

front 33

  1. Cartilage:

back 33

  • Matrix: Dense with collagen, embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
  • Cells: Chondrocytes in lacuna.
  • Types:
    • Elastic
    • Hyaline
    • Fibrocartilage

front 34

Elastic

back 34

High elastin, flexible (e.g., ear).

front 35

Hyaline

back 35

Rigid support, low elastin (e.g., trachea rings).

front 36

Fibrocartilage

back 36

Wavy collagen, absorbs shock (e.g., intervertebral discs).

front 37

  1. Bone:

back 37

  • Matrix: Rigid, mineralized (hydroxyapatite with calcium, phosphate, and magnesium).

front 38

compact bone

back 38

  • Contains osteons (Haversian canal + lamella rings).

front 39

spongy bone

back 39

  • Lattice-like (trabeculae) with spaces filled with red marrow for blood cell production.

front 40

Osteoblasts

back 40

Build bone.

front 41

Osteoclasts

back 41

Break down bone.

front 42

Osteocytes

back 42

Maintain bone tissue, connected by canaliculi.

front 43

Classification of blood

back 43

Connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma.

front 44

Plasma

back 44

Mainly water with dissolved substances (hormones, gases, nutrients, enzymes).

front 45

Function of blood

back 45

Transports substances and cells throughout the body.

front 46

Liquid Component of blood(55%)

back 46

Plasma

front 47

Cellular Component of blood(45%)

back 47

Includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

front 48

  • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells):

back 48

    • Function: Transport oxygen (via hemoglobin) and assist in carbon dioxide transport.
    • Structure: Biconcave shape without nuclei/mitochondria (in mammals); lifespan of a few weeks.
    • Deficiency Condition : Low RBCs or hemoglobin causes anemia.

front 49

  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells):

back 49

  • Movement: Amoeboid movement to traverse capillary walls.
  • Types:
  • Granulocytes:
    • Neutrophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
  • Agranulocytes:
    • Monocytes
    • Lymphocytes

front 50

Neutrophils

back 50

Most common (65-75%), with multi-lobed nuclei; perform phagocytosis.

front 51

Eosinophils

back 51

Bilobed nuclei, red-staining; combat parasitic infections and respond to allergies.

front 52

Basophils

back 52

Rarest (<0.5%), with “s”-shaped nucleus and dark granules; release histamine in allergic reactions.

front 53

Monocytes

back 53

Largest, with crescent-shaped nuclei; transform into macrophages for immune defense.

front 54

Lymphocytes

back 54

Smallest WBCs, important for immune memory, with a large dark nucleus.

front 55

  • Platelets (Thrombocytes):

back 55

  • Description: Not full cells, but fragments.
  • Function: Essential for blood clotting to prevent excessive blood loss.

front 56

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

(voluntary, attached to bones)

back 56

  • Appearance: Cylindrical, striated (alternating light and dark bands).
  • Structure: Multinucleated (coenocytic) with peripheral nuclei.
  • Components: Contains myofibrils composed of actin and myosin proteins.
  • Contraction: Fastest type; exercise increases cell size, not number.

front 57

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

(involuntary, heart walls)

back 57

  • Appearance: Cylindrical with faint striations and branching fibers.
  • Structure: Single, centrally located nucleus in each cell.
  • Unique Feature: Intercalated discs join cells, aiding in rapid transmission of contraction signals.
  • Contraction: Moderate speed and rhythmically self-regulated.

front 58

Characteristics of smooth muscle

(involuntary, digestive, genital, urinary, veins)

back 58

  • Appearance: Spindle-shaped (tapered ends) without striations.
  • Structure: Single, centrally located elongated nucleus.
  • Arrangement: Cells overlap, forming sheets of muscle.
  • Contraction: Slowest of the three but able to maintain contraction for extended periods.

front 59

Neuron Structure and Components

back 59

Soma (Cell Body)

Dendrites

Axon

front 60

Soma (Cell Body)

back 60

Contains nucleus and most organelles. Serves as the central part of the neuron, supporting cellular processes.

front 61

Dendrites

back 61

Cytoplasmic extensions from the soma. Conduct impulses into the cell body.

front 62

Axon

back 62

Long cytoplasmic extension that conducts impulses away from the cell body. Often bundled with dendrites to form nerve fibers.

front 63

Nerves

back 63

Composed of bundled axons and dendrites outside the central nervous system (CNS), bound by connective tissue.

front 64

Function of Nerves

back 64

  • Transmit sensory information from sense organs to the CNS.
  • Relay motor commands from the CNS to muscles, initiating contraction