blood and tissues Flashcards

Groups of similar cells organized to perform the same function.

Study of tissues.

Composed of different tissues to form a unit with specific functions.

Organs working together for a specific function.

Extracellular Matrix (mostly glycoproteins, secreted by fibroblasts in connective tissue). Carbohydrate Markers on cell membranes.

Weld cells into a strong sheet, allowing free passage of substances; found in tissues under stress (e.g., heart muscle).

Form a barrier to block transport between cells; found in epithelial layers (e.g., intestines).

Channels for electrical and ion communication; found in areas requiring rapid communication (e.g., heart).

Covers/lines surfaces.

Binds tissues (e.g., connects skin layers).

Enables movement.

Facilitates communication.

• Definition: Tightly packed cells forming continuous sheets, covering surfaces or lining cavities.
• Polarity: Cells have an apical side (exposed to fluid/air) and a basal side (attached to connective tissue via the basement membrane made of collagen).
• Functions: Protection, secretion, sensation.

1. Epidermis (skin).
2. Digestive tract.
3. Respiratory tract (windpipe, lungs).
4. Kidney tubules.

1. Simple: One cell layer.
2. Stratified: Multiple layers, only the bottom layer attached to the basement membrane.
3. Pseudostratified: Appears layered but isn’t; all cells touch the basement membrane.

1. Squamous: Flat, ideal for diffusion (e.g., alveoli, blood vessels).
2. Columnar: Tall, aids in absorption/secretion (e.g., intestines, with villi/microvilli).
3. Cuboidal: Cube-like, often for secretion (e.g., thyroid, kidney tubules).

Single layer, flat, found in diffusion areas.

Multiple layers, flat, for protection (e.g., skin, mouth).

Single layer, tall, for absorption/secretion (e.g., intestines).

Single layer, cube-shaped, common in glands (e.g., thyroid).

Appears layered, ciliated, found in respiratory tract, with goblet cells producing mucus to trap debris.

Specialized for secretion.

Secrete into ducts (e.g., sweat glands).

Ductless, secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

• Function: Supports and binds other cells.
• Matrix: Non-living material that can be solid, liquid, or semi-liquid; contains fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular).
• Fiber Types:
• Collagen
• Elastic
• Reticular

Strong, not elastic, for support.

Stretchy, allows tissues to "snap back."

Thin, branched, supports other tissues.

1. Loose (Areolar
2. Adipose (Fat):
3. Fibrous/Dense:
4. Cartilage:
5. Bone:

• Holds organs in place, binds epithelium to underlying tissue.
• Contains all three fiber types.
• Cells: Fibroblasts (produce matrix), macrophages (immune).

• Specialized for lipid storage, insulation, and cushioning.
• Cells: Adipocytes (fat cells).

• Dense Regular: Parallel collagen fibers, strong (e.g., tendons, ligaments).
• Dense Irregular: Interwoven collagen, in areas with stress from multiple directions (e.g., skin dermis).

• Matrix: Dense with collagen, embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
• Cells: Chondrocytes in lacuna.
• Types:
• Elastic
• Hyaline
• Fibrocartilage

High elastin, flexible (e.g., ear).

Rigid support, low elastin (e.g., trachea rings).

Wavy collagen, absorbs shock (e.g., intervertebral discs).

• Matrix: Rigid, mineralized (hydroxyapatite with calcium, phosphate, and magnesium).

• Contains osteons (Haversian canal + lamella rings).

• Lattice-like (trabeculae) with spaces filled with red marrow for blood cell production.

Build bone.

Break down bone.

Maintain bone tissue, connected by canaliculi.

Connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma.

Mainly water with dissolved substances (hormones, gases, nutrients, enzymes).

Transports substances and cells throughout the body.

Plasma

Includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

• Function: Transport oxygen (via hemoglobin) and assist in carbon dioxide transport.
• Structure: Biconcave shape without nuclei/mitochondria (in mammals); lifespan of a few weeks.
• Deficiency Condition : Low RBCs or hemoglobin causes anemia.

• Movement: Amoeboid movement to traverse capillary walls.
• Types:
• Granulocytes:
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
• Agranulocytes:
• • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes

Most common (65-75%), with multi-lobed nuclei; perform phagocytosis.

Bilobed nuclei, red-staining; combat parasitic infections and respond to allergies.

Rarest (<0.5%), with “s”-shaped nucleus and dark granules; release histamine in allergic reactions.

Largest, with crescent-shaped nuclei; transform into macrophages for immune defense.

Smallest WBCs, important for immune memory, with a large dark nucleus.

• Description: Not full cells, but fragments.
• Function: Essential for blood clotting to prevent excessive blood loss.

• Appearance: Cylindrical, striated (alternating light and dark bands).
• Structure: Multinucleated (coenocytic) with peripheral nuclei.
• Components: Contains myofibrils composed of actin and myosin proteins.
• Contraction: Fastest type; exercise increases cell size, not number.

• Appearance: Cylindrical with faint striations and branching fibers.
• Structure: Single, centrally located nucleus in each cell.
• Unique Feature: Intercalated discs join cells, aiding in rapid transmission of contraction signals.
• Contraction: Moderate speed and rhythmically self-regulated.

• Appearance: Spindle-shaped (tapered ends) without striations.
• Structure: Single, centrally located elongated nucleus.
• Arrangement: Cells overlap, forming sheets of muscle.
• Contraction: Slowest of the three but able to maintain contraction for extended periods.

Soma (Cell Body)

Dendrites

Axon

Contains nucleus and most organelles. Serves as the central part of the neuron, supporting cellular processes.

Cytoplasmic extensions from the soma. Conduct impulses into the cell body.

Long cytoplasmic extension that conducts impulses away from the cell body. Often bundled with dendrites to form nerve fibers.

Composed of bundled axons and dendrites outside the central nervous system (CNS), bound by connective tissue.

• Transmit sensory information from sense organs to the CNS.
• Relay motor commands from the CNS to muscles, initiating contraction