Monosaccharides are ______ from smaller precursors that are derived from _______ by photosynthesis

synthesized, CO₂ and H₂O

Carbohydrates are classified into three groups:

Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

Monosaccharides are not broken down into

simple sugars under mild conditions

Oligosaccharides usually have

2 to 10 simple sugar residues

Polysaccharides are

polymers of simple sugars

What functional groups do Aldose and ketone have in common?

An aldehyde and ketone functional group

Examples of chiral monosaccharides:

-Aldose with 3 or more carbon atoms

- Ketone with 4 or more carbon atoms

How do you know if it has a D or L configuration?

look at the highest-numbered chiral center

what structure does Gram-negative have?

two membranes with a thin peptidoglycan shell

D-glyceraldehyde

D-ribose

D-glucose

D-mannose

D-galactose

dihydroxyacetone

D-Erythrulose

D-ribulose

D-Xylulose

D-fructose

What configuration predominates in nature?

D-sugars

Starch and glycogen are (homopolysaccharides) and their job is

storage of molecules

Isomers that have opposite configuration at one or more chiral centers but not mirror images are

diastereomers

Sugars that differ only by one chiral center are

epimers

Pyranose (6-membered ring)

cyclic form of glucose

Furanose (5-membered ring)

cyclic form of fructose

Glucose(an aldose) can cyclize for form a

cyclic hemiacetal

Fructose (a ketone) can cyclize to form

cyclic hemiketal

When hemiacetals and hemiketals are formed, the carbonyl atoms becomes a

new asymmetric center

When OH bond on carbon 1 if down it's

alpha

When OH bond on carbon 1 if up it's

beta

Isomers of monosaccharides that differ only in their configuration in the asymmetric carbon are called

anomers

Sugar alcohols are formed by

mild reduction of sugars

Sugar esters phosphate esters are important for

energy like ATP

Disaccharides are the simplest oligosaccharides with

2 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond

Each unit in an oligosaccharide is termed as a

residue

reducing sugar can open to

linear form and undergo reduction

Sucrose is not a reducing sugar because

it doesn't have a free anomeric carbon

Maltose α(1→4)

Cellobiose β(1→4)

Isomaltoseα(1→6)

Are composed of the vitreous humor of the eye and is the lubricant fluid for joints

Hyaluronates

A polysaccharide made up of different monosaccharides

heteropolysaccharide

Starch and glycogen are (homopolysaccharides) and their job is

storage molecules

Chitin and cellulose are (homopolysaccharides) and they are

structural molecules

cell surface polysaccharides' job is

recognition of molecules (hetero)

Starch has 2 forms

amylose and amylopectin

Amylose has a _____links, no branches and____reducing end

α(1→4), one

Amylopectin branches are______ every 12-30 residues, ____reducing end

α(1→6), one

Amylose has poor solubility in water and has a

helical and hollow shape

Iodine can fit into the hydrophobic middle of

amylose

the more branches, the more sites for

phosphorylase to release glucose 1-P

glycogen is the glucose (energy) storage device in

animals

Glycogen has____ backbone, ____branches every 8-12 branches

α(1→4), α(1→6)

When iodine is added to glycogen,

it becomes a red-violet color

Dextrans formed by bacteria are components of

dental plaque

Amylose prefers a____ conformation due to its bent α(1→4) linkages

helical

Cellulose with beta(1→4) linkages can adopt an ____ conformation

extended

Is a structural polysaccharide, most abundant polymer, and found in plant cell walls

Cellulose

Cellulose has

Interchain and Intra chain H-bonds

Is found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, spiders, and fungi walls

chitin

Cellulose strand are

parallel

Chitin has both

antiparallel and parallel strands

Has repeating disacchairde with amino sugars and negative charge

glycosaminoglycans

Heparin has a very high negative charge and is a natural

anticogulant

Are found in tendons, cartilage, and connective tissues

chondroitin and keratan

Proteoglycans are large

glycosaminoglycan-containing proteins

Bacterial cell walls consists of glycan chains cross-linked by peptides

peptidoglycans

The oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to eukaryotic proteins play a role in protein structure and recognition

glycoproteins

N-linked carbohydrates are attached to side-chain amide nitrogen of

asparagine residues on glycoproteins

O-linked carbohydrates are attached to side chain hydroxyl groups of

serine residues on glycoproteins and proteoglycans

How do proteoglycans and glycoproteins differ?

proteoglycans have O-linked glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins have N-linked olgiosaccharides

Proteoglycans are components of

animal cells, membranes and glycocalyx

Proteoglycans are soluble protein components of the

extracellular matrix outside the cell membrane

Functions of proteoglycan

1. Modulation of cell growth

2. Cushioning in joints

Gram-positive has

one membrane with a thick peptidoglycan outer shell

Gram-negative has

two membranes with a thin peptidoglycan shell

Gram-negative cells have "hairy"

lipopolysaccharide

lipopolysaccharide consists of

lipid group joined to polysaccharide and create monosaccharide chain

The three types of N-linked glycoproteins:

high mannose, complex, and hybrid

Can alter chemical and physical properties of proteins, stabilize protein conformation, and cleave monosaccharide units from N-linked glycoproteins

oligosaccharides