Venus of Laussel

Paleolithic (25,000 BCE), limestone bas-relief, 46 cm

right hand holding horn = crescent moon shape, left hand towards belly = fertility symbol

made to represent women being able to bear children AND keep them

Partial Venus

Paleolithic (30,000 - 20,000 BCE), charcoal on limestone, Chauvet Cave

pubic region hybrodized creature (female)

Birdman

Paleolithic (15,000 BCE), charcoal on limestone, Lascaux Cave

pubic region hybridized creature (male)

Lion-man of Hohlenstein-Stadel

Prehistoric (40,000 - 35,000 BCE), ivory, 31.1 cm

370 hours of labor, made from tusks like material, leans back more (in shape of tusk)

San Lorenzo Colossal Head 1

Olmec (neolithic), (1200 - 900 BCE), basalt, 25 tons

basalt 80 km away --> protocheifdome (able to make someone get the basalt from so far away and bring it back)

only heads, not bodies

stern / focused

broad noses --> jaguar like = apex predator

wear helmet for represent leaders / playing the ball game

if they were defaced, it was intentional

La Venta

Olmec (neolithic), (1200 - 400 BCE)

little figurines facing each other --> look like they are in a meeting (found like that)

elongated man / long man --> elongated heads and ear holds big

Seated Figure

olmec, (12th-9th cent. BCE), ceramic, cinnabar and red ochre

handbuilt

cinnabar has funerary symbolism

dressed for ball game --> will become a leader

helmet protect head

flat head in the back

wish for an ideal well-fed, healthy, wealthy, alive baby

El Manatí Wooden Busts

Olmec, (1200 BCE), wooden

long heads, flat noses, downturned mouth

newborn bones found within them

Seńor de Las Limas

Olmec, (1200 - 400 BCE), serpentine and pyrite

holding baby

represent olmec supernaturals

baby looks like jaguar or frog

Human mummy

Egyptian, (3400 BCE), Gebelein cemetery

left shoulder facing west --> rest = realm of dead

fetal position = symbolically reborn

put into sand --> sand desecrates (dries out) body

body with pots, bowls, bracelet, cosmetic pallets so he can take this stuff into he after life with him

The Gold Mask of Tutankhamen

Egyptian, (1327 BCE), gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, quartz, obsidian, turquoise, and colored glass, 28 lbs.

Egyptian museum, Cairo

most intact tomb there is

arms crossed = royalty

discovered on Nov 4, 1922

Mummy portrait

Egyptian, (80-100 CE), encaustic on limewood

painted on wood --> faces are curved

encaustic is hot wax ink, mimics human skin well, keeps woods and beeswax warm, looks 3-dimesional

tempura can be used but it is dries fast, hard to blend, difficult to work with and looks like a two-dimensional cartoon

portraits placed on tomb --> specifically for funerary not domesticity!!

realism --> emphasis on eyes, not happy nor sad, gold n hair, jewelry, looking at you

Several Tondo

Egyptian, (200 CE), tempura on wood, 12 inches

egg and pigment

New York Kouros

Archaic (Greek), (590 - 580 BCE), marble

stiff, naked besides choker

braid-like hair and eyes bulge%

abstract --> reads as a human, not anatomically accurate

Kleobis and Biton

Archaic (Greek), (580 BCE), marble, found in Delphi

heroically nude --> expresses arete (living up to ones potential / bestness)

thicker, more realistic looking than New York Kouros

Kroisos (Anavysos Kouros)

Archaic (Greek), (540 - 525 BCE), marble, in National Museum in Athens

more naturalistic --> s-shaped spine

soldier --> god of war took him down

funerary / at grave of soldier

heroic nudity

archaic smile

Nikandre Kore

Archaic, (650 BCE), marble, 1.7 m tall

dedicated to artemus --> twin to Apollo

small frame that is completely covered

hands long and open

Lady of Auxerre

Archaic, (650 - 625 BCE), limestone, 65 cm tall

would've been painted in polychrome (various colors) and bright colors

Phrasikleia Kore

Archaic, (550 - 540 BCE), marble, 1.79 m tall

hold sunken flower bud and pomegranate on necklace --> fertility

died before she was married --> before period

could not live to her best potential (arete) before she died

Peplos Kore

Archaic (Greek), (530 BCE), marble, 118 cm tall

more modest

soft face, comforting

Capitoline Brutus

Roman, (late 4th - early 1st cent BCE), bronze

has smile lines and wrinkles

old = idealistic since it shows wisdom and it was a privilege being able to live to being old

age come with experience, wisdom and luck

upper-class people were old and you had to be old in order to be in the government

the cursus honorum takes years to work yourself up to the top

Bust of Scipio Africanus

Republican Roman, marble

Portrait bust of a Man

Late Republican Roman, (60 BCE), marcle

bald and lots of wrinkles

Patrician Torlonia

Roman, (1st century BCE), marble

Tusculum Portrait of Julius Caesar

Roman, (50 - 40 BCE), marble

folds in neck and cheeks

male pattern baldness

Chiaramonti Caesae

Roman, (44 - 30 BCE), marble

Pompey the Great

Roman, (50 - 30 BCE), marble, located in Port Pia, Rome

deep wrinkles in forehead

puffy --> makes him look younger

long hair

Green Caesar

Roman, (1st century CE), slate

posthumous portrait --> after death

frail and has crowfeet

Patrician carrying two portraits heads

Roman, (1st century CE), marble

lararium --> where you celebrate ancestors

fides = good faith

virtues = virtue / manliness --> not manly to love your wife

Tivoli General

Late Republican Roman, (80 - 60 BCE), marble

no limbs

idealized general --> ripped body but idealized old age

Christ Pantocreator icon

(6th cent CE), encaustic

encaustic has pigment suspended in wax

cruciform halo for Jesus

holding a codex, benediction gesture, eyes in different directions (two different people)

Christian icons are domestic icons --> meant to be touched and kissed

Christ Enthroned

(6th or 7th cent), Sinai in Monastery of St. Catherine

white hair and whimsical --> clothes na rainbow stars

full body, not just head like mummy portraits%

Virgin an Child Enthroned (Theotokos)

(6th cent CE), encaustic on Wood Panel, in Monastery of St. Catherine in Egypt

curved because it is so big

Mary is in throne of God

Angels (most 3 dimensional) are looking at hands of God --> anaiconic representation (also seen in synagogue)

icons go against 2 commandment

orthodox to use icons --> not worshipped!

Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy

(late 14th century CE), egg tempura and gold leaf on wooden panel

Great Departure of Prince Siddhartha

(2nd cent CE), limestone

cannot actually show Siddartha as Buddha

riding white horse = special

riders horse with parasol = anionic representation of Buddha

Bodhi tree with shrine

(2nd - 1st cent BCE), in Sanchi at eastern gateway

no buddha

Temptation and Enlightenment

west gateway in Sanchi

footprints, but no person --> aniconic

Great Stupa

(3rd - 1st cent BCE), Sanchi

people cannot go in

holds relics (physical reminders) of Buddha

small scale model of the universe

Ashoka showed his power

go around in clockwise circle to represent the constant cycle of life --> can be meditative

Buddha and Attendant

(early 2nd cent CE), red sandstone

iconic representation

Skara Brae

Neolithic, (3200 - 2500 BCE)

goes with hills

hearth in middle of sectors

house made of flatstone --> all connected by covered pathways (corbel vaults)

rely on neighbors = easy access

House 7

lots of shelves

fire in the middle --> warmth (hearth)

beds around fire

shelf across from doors --> understand who lives there

pits in floor that connect to ocean for poopy time%

house 1

stone objects

measuring tools most likely

megaliths --> big stone

Stonehenge

Neolithic, (3000-1500 BCE), sarsen and bluestones

sarsen stone = local, bluestone = 150 miles away --> trading or someone in charge to control people to get the stone and bring back (governmental effect)

built in 3 stages --> 1) Aubrey holes that have blue stone (some with human remains), no stones in middle 2) ? 3) cromlech which is inhumation in Stonehenge

burial / graveyard / non-domestic --> ceremonial

also seen as an astronomical calendar --> farmers look at stars for seasons

trilithons = 3 stones

woodhenge

neolithic, (2600 BCE)

aligns with summer solstice

domestically area, unlike Stonehenge --> has trees (living)

during ton walls = domesticated village near Stonehenge

Mural, Catal Huyuk

Neolithic, (6000 BCE)

geometric linear pattern

Catalhuyuk

Neolithic, houses made of mud brick

houses in bird's eye view --> share walls, no streets = depend and rely on each other, no room stands out

18 levels of time

only lived in houses for 50 years but house lifespan is 2000

Building 77

bull horns in corner --> platforms, bulls represent abundance and harshness

aurox = wild bull --> had to hunt, not domesticated

domestic space seem as funerary space --> feel close to deceased, babies in baskets when died (treated different from adults)

oven on south side

entrance above oven

village gathering around bull

work spread out, no specialization -->shared labor

Seated Woman

Neolithic (Catal Huyuk), (6000 BCE), clay

5-10% of statues in canal huyuk are women

demonstrates the ideal fro abundance and good health

arms and legs small = not important

voluptuous = fertility

she's giving birth

Painted Female Figurine

Neolithic (Catal Huyuk), (6000 BCE)

Clay Figurine

neolithic

skeletal except for pregnant belly

life and death

Ziggurat

Uruk / Sumerian, (4000 BCE), mud brick

visible for miles --> artificial mountain --> ziggurat elevates temple

believed gods lived in white temples

priestly class and higher can go up to ziggurat

circumambulate around temple to get in --> thing in the middle is VERY important

gypsum based plater = visually striking

sense experience different things (dark / incense) --> feel apart of the deity / spirit manifest in physical

bathe, feed, kiss, take care of cult image in ziggurat --> treat cult image like real person

Cylinder Seal

Uruk / Sumerian, (3200 BCE),

one picture that rolls to get. clear image

preist = king (ensi), gods overall ruler

king takes care of fertility (pp)

Limestone Statuette of bearded man

Uruk / Sumerian, (3300 BCE), limestone

possibly a priest-king --> ensi

Cone Mosaic

Uruk / Sumerian, (3500 - 3000 BCE), limestone, Cone Mosaic Cortyard in Eanna District

triangle / zigzags separate our world form underworld

visual interest

Mask of Warka / Lady of Uruk

Uruk / Sumerian, (3200-3000 BCE), marble

cult image of inanna --> taken care of and dressed

unibrow made of lapis lazuli --> comes from Afghanistan (hundreds of miles away = active trading)

very stern and intimidating

not 3 dimensional

taped to a board that looks like a body

Uruk Vase (Warka Vase)

Uruk / Sumerian, (3200 BCE), alabaster

multiple ground lines in a single object = register

ancient repaired = important to society

poles = anionic representation of inanna

top = offerings form nude people --> vulnerable cannot hide anything from inanna

middle = naked offerings again

bottom = sheep and barely --> that's what they used to survive

Synagogue

Dura Europos, (245 CE)

controlled access --> no entrance form street (not everyone is allowed in)

ISIS destroyed lots of Dura Europos because of lots of looting

West Wall

Dura Europos Synagogue

cut and removed because they would have been destroyed by ISIS

tempura plaster

now in Yale University

Moses Scene from West Wall of Synagogue

both babies in the pictures are Moses

continuous narrative in one painting --> dingle picture with mulit[le narratives

use dominate visual to get point across

David on the West Wall of the Synagogue

David both of the boys in yellow

purple = royalty --> David in purple

Samuel annoying David --> religiously symbolic with oil

Torah Niche Synagogue

Dura Europos, (245 CE)

Abraham and Isaac - Torah Niche detail

Abe doesn't face us

hand of God stops him --> anionic representation

sacrifice goat instead

represents faithfulness

Christian-House Church

Dura Europos, (245 CE), tempra plaster

Christianity needs t be practice privately --> secretive

all paintings cut out and put into Yale%%

Healing of the Paralytic

Dura Europos, (245 CE), tempra plaster

Christian House-Church wall paintings

Paralytic seen twice

Jesus and Peter Walk on Water

Dura Europos, (245 CE), tempra plaster

Christian House-Church wall paintings %

Baptistery Wall painting

Dura Europos, (245 CE)

Christian worship places have a baptistery

Jesus carrying lamb --> syncretism (taking visual image from another culture and making it one of their own --> lambs sacrifice in archaic and protected in Christianity)

Jesus in tomb

casophagus (bury someone) fill with water for baptism --> symbolic death and rebirth

St. Simeon Stylites, Megolian of Basil

decides the world is too much --> withdrawn to be near God

live sup on stylus / pillar and dies up there cause he's a freak%%

Skellig Michael Monastery

ireland, (built 6th - 8th cent CE) --> occupied until 12th cent CE

have to go up 670 steps in the island to monastery

enough for 13 people --> one main person and 12 monks to live there

beehive cells

insular = islands / isolation --> no one around (women / distractions), cannot be swayed by other religions, control their own rules, not surprises like VIKINGS who pillage

Plan for St. Gall

Medical, (820 CE)

plan for ideal monastery that was never built

completely self-suffcient so the monks can stay isolated

based on Rule of St. Benedict (520 CE)

St Matthew - Ebbo Gospels

9th century, ink and tempura on vellum (stretch of animal skin --> holds ink well), in Benedictine Abbey of Hautvillers

St. Matthew nervous or constantly in motion

The incorrupt St. Cuthbert of Linisfarne

12th century

Initial Page of Eadfrith of Lindisfarne

715 - 720 CE, ink on vellum, in Lindisfarne Gospel

first page = initial page

Carpet page of Eadfrith of Lindisfarne

715 - 720 CE, ink on vellum, in Lindisfarne Gospel

carpet page = nonfigural pattern page that separates Gospels from each other

apoptropaic = keeps bad things away --> interlace pattern of carpet page is like a net and keeps bad things out of the Gospel

Lindisfarne Stone (Viking Raider Doomsday Stone)

9th century, Northumbrian carved gravestone, found in Lindisfarne

viking raid in Lindisfarne --> destroyed monasteries for expensive things not because of religious reasons

Lindau Gosepls

880 CE, Court of School of Charles the Bald

Jesus on cross and cruciform

repousse = makes things pop out --> turn it over and press it in the stick it out

granulation

Four Evangelists

800 CE, Book of Kells, illuminated manuscript

Matthew = angel, Mark = lion, Luke = ox, and John = eagle (beasts of apocalypse

Chi-Rho monogram

800 CE, Book of Kells, illuminated manuscript

raids made them stop making illuminated pieces --> what is made in scriptorium

cat and mouse

mice stealing communion

cats stopping them