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49 notecards = 13 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

o chem exam 1

front 1

How to find formal charge:

back 1

Formal charge= Group#-lines-dots

front 2

a central atom is

back 2

the one that you have less of

front 3

the most electronegative element is

back 3

fluorine

front 4

Electronegativity increases from

back 4

left to right

front 5

waves can combine:

back 5

constructively (more stable) and destructively (smaller w/ change of sign)

front 6

Low energy=

back 6

more stable

front 7

MOT only applies to

back 7

covalent bonding

front 8

How to find hybridization:

back 8

x+1 = # of sigma bonds + # of lone pairs

front 9

Lewis acid:

back 9

accepts electrons (deficient)

front 10

Lewis base:

back 10

donates electrons (electron rich)

front 11

Bronsted Lowry acid:

back 11

has a labile H+

front 12

Bronsted Lowry base:

back 12

removes a labile H+

front 13

a lewis base is a

back 13

bronsted lowry base

front 14

strong acids are

back 14

completely ionized by water

front 15

conjugate base of a strong acid is

back 15

weak

front 16

conjugate acid of a strong base is

back 16

weak

front 17

strong acids have large values of

back 17

Ka

front 18

weak acids have low values of

back 18

ka

front 19

pka=

back 19

-log Ka

front 20

strong acids have _____ pka values

back 20

low

front 21

weak acids have _______ pka values

back 21

high

front 22

acid-base reactions proceed in the direction that yield a

back 22

weak acid and a weak base (favored)

front 23

acid-base reactions occur if the ______ > ______

back 23

pKa base, pKa acid

front 24

The conjugate base of a strong acids is a ________ base

The conjugate base of a weak acid is a ________ base

back 24

weak, strong

front 25

The larger the Ka value, the __________ the acid

The larger the pKa value the _________ the acid

back 25

stronger, weaker

front 26

Acidity ____________ within a given row

Acidity ____________ within a given column

back 26

increases, increases

front 27

any features that stabilizes a conjugate base make the acid ____________

back 27

stronger

front 28

What are two ways a conjugate base can be stabilized

back 28

resonance, and inductive effect

front 29

acid-base reactions will always proceed in the directions of (reactant or products) that yield the _______________ and the ____________

back 29

weaker acid, weaker base

front 30

acid base reactions proceed towards products as long as the pKa of the base is __________________________

back 30

higher than the pka of the acid

front 31

2sp3 with no lone pairs is

back 31

tetrahedral

front 32

2sp3 with 1 lone pairs is

back 32

trigonal pyramidal

front 33

2sp3 with 2 lone pairs

back 33

bent

front 34

2sp2 is

back 34

trigonal planar

front 35

2sp

back 35

linear

front 36

hybridization applies to atoms from the

back 36

2nd row

front 37

increasing order of energy

back 37

sigma<pi<pi*<sigma*

front 38

relative energy

back 38

sp<sp2<sp3

front 39

relative electronegativity

back 39

sp>sp2>sp3 (sp close to nucleus)

front 40

which orbitals are arranged in order of increasing energy?

back 40

sp < sp2 <sp3

front 41

how many sigma 1s-2sp3 bonds are there in ethane?

back 41

6

front 42

What are the hybridization and formal charge around the central atom in the nitronium ion (NO2+)

back 42

Hybridization: 2sp Charge +1

front 43

when the 1s orbitals of two hydrogen atoms combine to form a hydrogen molecule, how are the electrons distributed in order to form the resulting molecular orbitals?

back 43

2 electrons in the bonding molecular orbital

front 44

overlap of p-orbital lobes of opposite signs results in the formation of

back 44

an anti bonding (pi) orbital

front 45

which molecule would be expected to be linear

back 45

HCN

front 46

assuming that hybridization takes place, which orbitals form the O-O sigma bond in O2

back 46

2sp2

front 47

how many 2sp2-1s bonds are there in the following molecule

back 47

5

front 48

In ammonia (NH3) the hybridization of the nitrogen atom and the geometry are expected to be

back 48

hybridization: 2sp3

Geometry: trigonal pyramidal

front 49

anything that stabilizes the conj. base makes the acid _______

back 49

stronger