Print Options

Card layout: ?

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

71 notecards = 18 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

dna replication, damage, and repair irat 2

front 1

the replication/copying of cellular DNA occurs during the-

back 1

Synthesis phase (s phase) of the cell cycle

front 2

The S phase is a necessary process to ensure that-

back 2

the instructions in DNA are faithfully passed on to the newly produced cells.

front 3

in cell nuclei, DNA and protein complexes known as ____________ make up the ______________

back 3

chromatin, chromosomes

front 4

replication can ONLY occur on a-

back 4

single strand DNA template

front 5

the main enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA strands is-

back 5

DNA polymerase

front 6

what is the function of DNA polymerase?

back 6

reads in 3' to 5' to form a complement strand in 5' to 3'

front 7

DNA replication is ALWAYS

back 7

semi-conservative

front 8

why is DNA replication semi- conservative?

back 8

uses the template of the original DNA + a newly synthesized strand. (each of the two daughter strands has half new DNA and half old DNA)

front 9

the lagging strand is ?

back 9

the template strand

front 10

the leading strand is?

back 10

the new strand

front 11

a characteristic of eukaryotic DNA replication is that-

back 11

it is bidirectional, and starts in several locations at once

front 12

DNA is copied at about-

back 12

50 base pairs per second

front 13

What is the function of DNA helicase?

back 13

unwinds the two strands of DNA in a double helix

front 14

what is the function of DNA primases?

back 14

synthesizes RNA primers to start DNA replication

front 15

what is the function of DNA polymerases?

back 15

adds complementary bases to template strand, therefore creating a new DNA strand

front 16

what is the function of exonucleases?

back 16

remove RNA fragments (Okazaki fragments), also act as a proofreader which removes nucleotides that are not a part of the double helix. (removes mismatched residues, edits DNA)

front 17

What is the function of single-stranded DNA-binding proteins?

back 17

prevents DNA from binding back together

front 18

What is the function of DNA ligase?

back 18

seals complementary strands

front 19

what is the function of topoisomerases?

back 19

facilitates unwinding

front 20

what is the function of telomerase?

back 20

synthesis of telomeres (caps the ends of a chromosome)

front 21

What is the first 4 steps in DNA synthesis?

back 21

DNA helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase, Exonucleases

front 22

What are the last four steps of DNA synthesis?

back 22

Single-stranded DNA binding proteins,DNA ligase, Topoisomerases,, Telomerases

front 23

what base is found in RNA that is NOT found in DNA?

back 23

Uracil (U)

front 24

RNA is a-

back 24

single strand

front 25

Chain ELONGATION is carried out by-

back 25

DNA polymerases

front 26

What is the specific function of DNA polymerases?

back 26

select the nucleotide that is added to the 3'-OH end of the growing chain and catalyze the formation of the phosphodiester bond.

front 27

Exonucleases enhance the fidelity of DNA replication by-

back 27

rechecking the correctness of base pairing before proceeding with polymerization

front 28

eukaryotic DNA replication is also-

back 28

a semi discontinuous process.

front 29

why is DNA replication a semidiscontious process?

back 29

because the leading strand is synthesized CONTINUOUSLY, while the lagging strand is synthesized DISCONTINUOUSLY (Okazaki fragments)

front 30

a NEW strand of DNA is always synthesized in the _________ direction

back 30

5' to 3'

front 31

A strand is READ from the ___ end toward the __ end

back 31

3' , 5'

front 32

ALL DNA polymerases function in the same manner in which they-

back 32

READ parental strand in 3' to 5' and SYNTHESIZE a complementary antiparallel new strand in 5' to 3'

front 33

the leading strand is the one in which-

back 33

5' to 3' synthesis proceeds in the SAME direction as replication fork movement

front 34

the lagging strand is the one in which-

back 34

DNA is 5' to 3' synthesized in short fragments in the opposite direction of the replication fork movement

front 35

okazaki fragments are about ___ to ____ nucelotide long

back 35

100, 200

front 36

Overall chain growth occurs at the-

back 36

the base of the replication fork (but synthesis of the lagging strand occurs discontinuously in the opposite direction with exclusive 5'-3' polarity)

front 37

on the lagging strand, okazaki fragments are synthesized sequentially with fragments-

back 37

nearest to the replication fork being the most recently made

front 38

what is annealing?

back 38

the ability of two complementary nucleic acids to align in an opposing orientation to form hydrogen bonds with bases of the complementary strand

front 39

what keeps the strands of DNA replication protected until complementary strands are produced?

back 39

single-stranded DNA proteins

front 40

why is DNA ligase so important?

back 40

it is important because it creates the final phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA

front 41

super twisting of DNA is removed by which enzyme?

back 41

topoisomerases

front 42

what is the function of topoisomerase I ?

back 42

catalyzes breaks in only ONE strand of the double-stranded DNA

front 43

what is the function of topoisomerase II?

back 43

catalyzes breaks in BOTH strands of the double stranded DNA

front 44

both topoisomerases function similarly in that-

back 44

they allow the unwinding of the broken strand and catalyze the formation of new phosphodiester bonds

front 45

Telomerase is an enzyme that-

back 45

helps maintain the telomere

front 46

the telomere shortens as-

back 46

we get older

front 47

what allows the cell to distinguish intact chromosomes from broken chromosomes and protect them from degradation

back 47

telomeres

front 48

DNA damage can result from-

back 48

endogenous and exogenous causes

front 49

most DNA damage is ________ before DNA is replicated

back 49

repaired

front 50

Mutagenic agents are most effective during which phase of the cell cycle?

back 50

synthesis phase

front 51

rate of endogenous mutations is termed-

back 51

the basal mutation rate

front 52

what can contribute to errors in DNA replication?

back 52

spontaneous tautomeric shifts (changes from one natural form to another)

front 53

what are examples of an exogenous agent?

back 53

ionizing radiation, hydrocarbons, oxidative free radicals, chemotherapy

front 54

DNA repair is important because cells are-

back 54

continuously exposed to environmental mutagens and because cell mutations occur spontaneously in every cell during relplication

front 55

cells use undamaged strands of DNA as a template to

back 55

correct the mistakes in DNA

front 56

when both strands of DNA are damged, the cell uses-

back 56

the sister chromatid (2nd copy of DNA present in diploid cells) or an error-prone recovery system

front 57

Define mismatch repair-

back 57

corrects the mismatches of normal bases that fail to maintain correct DNA pairing. (usually DNA polymerase is at fault)

front 58

Proteins that can recognize a mismatch are

back 58

MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2 genes

front 59

mutations in MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2 genes can lead to a predespotition in

back 59

hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) at a young age

front 60

what corrects the spontaneous depurination and spontaneous deamination that happens to bases present in DNA

back 60

base excision repair

front 61

spontaneous deamination of cytosine in DNA causes-

back 61

a conversion to uracil (which is only in RNA)

front 62

Nucleotide excision repair is-

back 62

when an entire nucleotide is wrong

front 63

nucleotide excision repair is specifically used to remove-

back 63

UV light-induced DNA damage, and damage from environmental chemicals

front 64

UV light can form ________ from adjacent pyrimidine bases (C and G) in DNA

back 64

pyrimidine-pyrimidine dimers which can cause sunburn and skin cancer

front 65

Nucleotide excision repair is also necessary to-

back 65

recognize chemically induced bulky additions to DNA that distort the shape of DNA which causes mutations

front 66

what are two types of repair mechanisms that exist to correct DNA damage

back 66

homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining

front 67

homologous recombination-

back 67

takes advantage of sequence information available from the unaffected homologous chromosome for proper repair of breaks

front 68

what proteins normally play a role in the homologous recombination process? mutations in these proteins/genes increase breast cancer risk.

back 68

BRCA 1 and 2

front 69

Nonhomologulos end joining is when-

back 69

the joining of ends even if the sequence is not similar. this is very error-prone and can cause mutation during repair

front 70

oncogenes are-

back 70

mutated genes that can cause cancer and primarily encode cell cycle-related proteins

front 71

what helps prevent uncontrolled dividing?

back 71

oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes help prevent uncontrolled dividing