front 1 What is Immunology? | back 1 "Exemption or protection from an obligation or penalty" "The state or quality of being resistant to a particular infectious disease or pathogen" "Science of Self/Non-Self Discrimination" |
front 2 What is the Basic Model for Immunity? __________ -> | __________ -> __________ -> | back 2 Pathogen -> (entrance into body) -> Recognition -> Effector Response |
front 3 Do prokaryotes have an innate or adaptive immune system or both? | back 3 Innate: Restriction/modification enzymes Adaptive: CRISPR/Cas9 |
front 4 Do eukaryotes have an innate or adaptive immune system or both? | back 4 Innate Adaptive |
front 5 Do invertebrates have an innate or adaptive immune system or both? | back 5 Innate |
front 6 Can we generate immunity without inducting disease? | back 6 YES... through vaccination |
front 7 _____________ prepares the immune system to eradicate an infectious agent before it causes disease. Widespread vaccine use has saved may lives. (ex: polio vaccine and eradication of smallpox) | back 7 Vaccination |
front 8 Major Arms of the Immune System? 1. 2. | back 8 1. Innate Immunity 2. Adaptive Immunity |
front 9 Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Response Time? | back 9 Innate: Minutes to hours Adaptive: Days |
front 10 Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Specificity? | back 10 Innate: Limited and fixed Adaptive: Highly diverse; adapts to improve during the course of immune response |
front 11 Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Response to repeat infection? | back 11 Innate: Same each time Adaptive: More rapid and effective with each subsequent exposure |
front 12 Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Major Components? | back 12 Innate: Barriers (e.g. skin); phagocytes; pattern recognition molecules Adaptive: T and B lymphocytes; antigen-specific receptors; antibodies |
front 13 What is the first line of defense; i,e, it's fast but non-specific and aids in activating the adaptive immune system? | back 13 The innate immune response |
front 14 What is the late(r) line of defense, i.e. it's not as fast, but stronger and more specific? | back 14 The adaptive immune response |
front 15 Divisions of the Adaptive Immune System: 1. 2. | back 15 1. Humoral Immunity 2. Cell-Mediated Immunity |
front 16 What is the difference between Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity? | back 16 Humoral Immunity: - Antibody-driven (B cells) - Non-cellular - Extracellular pathogens Cell-Mediated Immunity: - T cell-driven - Intracellular pathogens |
front 17 ____________ is a hallmark of adaptive immunity. | back 17 Memory |
front 18 A _______________ is initiated upon first exposure to an antigen, and some immune cells (memory) are left behind after the ___________ is cleared. | back 18 Primary Response Antigen |
front 19 A _______________ is initiated upon second exposure to the same ____________ that stimulates memory lymphocytes. | back 19 Secondary Response Antigen |
front 20 Stimulation yields faster, more significant, and better response. But, that response is specific to the ___________. | back 20 Antigen |
front 21 Any substance that binds to an immune receptor. | back 21 Antigen |
front 22 The immune response to a particular pathogen is tailored to the type of organism involved and depends on: 1. 2. | back 22 1. The structure of the pathogen 2. Its location, i.e. intra- or extra-cellular |
front 23 ______________ is a state of immunological unresponsiveness to particular antigens or sets of antigens. | back 23 Tolerance |
front 24 Is the immune system correctly balanced when it always attacks foreign substances and is always tolerant of self-tissue? | back 24 No |
front 25 What can result when something is wrong with one's immunity? | back 25 Autoimmunity/ Chronic Inflammation Hypersensitivity (Allergy, Asthma) Organ Transplants/ Pregnancy |
front 26 What can result when something is wrong with one's tolerance? | back 26 Immunodeficiency (Genetic or Acquired) Cancer |
front 27 The formation and differentiation of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes) from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). | back 27 Hematopoiesis |
front 28 What is meant by the term "the big picture?" | back 28 The fully functional immune system involves so many organs, molecules, cells, and pathways in such an interconnected and sometimes circular process that it is often difficult to know where to start... a focus on the details can make it difficult to see the bigger picture..." |
front 29 Two Criteria for Stem Cells: 1. 2. | back 29 1. Self-Renewal 2. Differentiation into Diverse Cell Types |
front 30 Can give rise to virtually any cell type (embryonic). | back 30 Pluripotency |
front 31 Can give rise to cell types of a certain tissue (adult) | back 31 Multipotency |
front 32 Leukocyte Lineage Hematopoietic Stem Cell 1. ______________________ 3. ______________________ 2. ______________________ 4. ______________________ | back 32 1. Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) 2. Granulocyte; Monocyte 3. Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP) 4. Lymphocyte |
front 33 Hematopoietic stem cell that is majorly involved in innate immunity? | back 33 CMP |
front 34 Hematopoietic stem cell that is majorly involved in adaptive immunity? | back 34 CLP |
front 35 4 Types of Myeloid Cells: 1. 2. 3. 4. | back 35 1. Granulocytes 2. Eosinophils 3. Erythrocytes 4. Megakaryocytes (platelets) |
front 36 4 Types of Granulocytes: 1. 2. 3. 4. | back 36 1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils 4. Mast Cells |
front 37 3 Types of Lymphoid Cells: 1. 2. 3. | back 37 1. T Cells 2. B cells 3. Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)/Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) |
front 38 Macrophages and Dendritic Cells are found in _________. | back 38 Tissue |
front 39 Which is the most abundant cell types? | back 39 Neutrophils |
front 40 Which myeloid cell has the following functions? - Tissue Remodeling - Direct harm to pathogens - Regulation of proteases - Vasodilation, inflammation | back 40 Neutrophil |
front 41 Which myeloid cell has the following functions? - Induces formation of ROS - Vasodilation, basophil degranulation - Antiviral activity - Modulation of adaptive immune responses - Attract leukocytes | back 41 Eosinophil |
front 42 Which myeloid cell has the following functions? - Modulation of adaptive immune - Regulation of inflammation - Vasodilation, smooth muscle activation | back 42 Basophil/Mast cell |
front 43 _________________ respond quickly to infection; once they enter the tissue, they become macrophages and fight infection by phagocytosis. | back 43 Inflammatory Monocytes |
front 44 _________________ tend to be much more slow-acting. They tend to "crawl" along, using amoeboid movement and may have roles in tissue repair and immune system regulation. | back 44 Patrolling Monocytes |
front 45 Monocytes that migrate into tissues become _________________. | back 45 Macrophages |
front 46 Macrophages have several important immune activities: 1. 2. 3. | back 46 1. Phagocytosis (pathogen clearance) 2. Antigen Presentation 3. Cytokine/Chemokine secretion |
front 47 Types of Macrophages: 1. 2. | back 47 1. Tissue Resident Macrophages 2. Infiltrating Macrophages |
front 48 Many _________________ don't descend from HSC, but likely are from the lineage of the organ (system) in which they find themselves. | back 48 Tissue-Specific Macrophages |
front 49 Myeloid cell important in antigen capture and antigen presentation. | back 49 Dendritic Cells |
front 50 Which myeloid cell has the following functions? - A-nuclear - Primary function in gas exchange (hemoglobin) - Some immune activity: antibody receptors; nitric oxide production | back 50 Erythrocyte |
front 51 Which myeloid cell has the following functions? - Generate platelets, which are important in clot formation - They contain nuclei, platelets do not - No immune activity | back 51 Megakaryocyte |
front 52 Lymphocytes (like all other cells HSCs) develop in the _____________. | back 52 Bone Marrow |
front 53 What is the location of B Cell maturation? | back 53 Bursa of Fabricus Bone Marrow |
front 54 What is the location of T Cell maturation? | back 54 Thymus |
front 55 Which cells have the following properties? - principle cells involved in adaptive immunity - small, round, with large nuclei - distinguished by surface markers (e.g. CD4*) | back 55 Lymphoid Cells |
front 56 _____ lymphoid cells in constant migration within the circulation at any given time? - _____% of WBCs in the blood - _____% of ALL cells in lymph | back 56 1012 20-40% 99% |
front 57 Basic Nomenclature: __________: B and T cells that are fully formed. | back 57 Mature |
front 58 Basic Nomenclature: __________: Mature B and T cells that have not yet encountered antigen. | back 58 Naive |
front 59 Basic Nomenclature: __________: Cells with specific functions to deal with pathogens. | back 59 Effector Cells |
front 60 Basic Nomenclature: __________: Cells that do not engage pathogen upon initial encounter (primary response), but persist and engage upon subsequent encounters (secondary, tertiary responses) | back 60 Memory Cells |
front 61 ___________: Membrane-bound antibody that makes it so each individual B cell has specificity. (~ 200,000 per cell) | back 61 B Cell Receptor (BCR) |
front 62 Once the antigen binds a BCR, the cell secretes antibody (soluble BCR) and is known as a _____________. | back 62 Plasma Cell |
front 63 What are the two types of T Lymphocytes? | back 63 1. T helper (Th) cell 2. T cytotoxic (Tc) cell |
front 64 How can you differentiate between Th cells and Tc cells? | back 64 Th cell = CD4+ Tc cell = CD8+ |
front 65 Which cells are part of the lymphoid lineage, but are considered innate (Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs))? | back 65 Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) |
front 66 Which cells patrol looking for cells that look weird? | back 66 NK Cells |
front 67 Which cells are important in tumor defense and the recycling of senescent cells? | back 67 NK Cells |
front 68 Which cell employs Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC)? | back 68 NK Cells |
front 69 What is the site of development and maturation of lymphoid cells (and all immune cells, really)? | back 69 Primary Lymphoid Tissue |
front 70 The types of primary lymphoid tissue: 1. 2. | back 70 1. Bone Marrow 2. Thymus |
front 71 ___________ is the functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue. (bone marrow) | back 71 Parenchyma |
front 72 __________ is everything that's not parenchyma. (bone marrowI | back 72 Stroma |
front 73 Microenvironment/niche: Parenchyma Sequestered region of stem cells lined by supporting cells that regulate: 1. 2. 3. 4. | back 73 1. Survival 2. Proliferation 3. Differentiation 4. Trafficking |
front 74 Where does all immune cell development begin? | back 74 Bone Marrow |
front 75 What is the site for long-lasting memory B and T cells? | back 75 Bone Marrow |
front 76 Type of stromal cells: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. | back 76 1. Endothelial cells 2. Perivascular cells 3. Sympathetic nerves 4. Macrophages 5. Osteoblasts |
front 77 T cell development is not complete until the cells undergo __________ in the thymus (B cells undergo a similar process in the bone marrow) | back 77 Selection |
front 78 Thymocytes (bone marrow) -> ____________________ | back 78 Functional mature T cells (thymus) |
front 79 _____________________ -> Functional mature T cells (thymus) | back 79 Thymocytes (bone marrow) |
front 80 __________ is the protein-rich fluid that is derived from the fluid portion of the blood (plasma). | back 80 Lymph |
front 81 ______________________ circulate lymph (interstitial fluid); it collects in the thoracic duct and then drains into the left subclavian vein. | back 81 Lymphatic vessels |
front 82 As lymph travels through lymphatic vessels, it travels through _________________. | back 82 Lymph nodes |
front 83 ___________ make up virtually all of the cells in the lymph - it's a quick avenue for __________ to circulate and they often travel from lymph node to lymph node. | back 83 White Blood Cells (WBCs) |
front 84 The site(s) where mature, but naive lymphocytes encounter antigen. | back 84 Secondary lymphoid tissue |
front 85 _____________ is where adaptive immunity begins. | back 85 Secondary lymphoid tissue |
front 86 Types of secondary lymphoid tissue: 1. 2. 3. | back 86 1. Lymph Node 2. Spleen 3. Other associated lymphoid tissues (tonsils, appendix, ect.) |
front 87 Entry into the Lymph Node? | back 87 Lymphocytes-High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) Antigen/ APCs- Afferent Lymphatics |
front 88 Exit from the Lymph Node? | back 88 Efferent Lymphatics |
front 89 Entrance into the Spleen? | back 89 Splenic Artery |
front 90 Exit from the Spleen? | back 90 Splenic Vein |
front 91 Activation of adaptive immune response and generation of T and B cells in the _________ occurs in a manner similar to that of the LN. | back 91 Spleen |
front 92 (Barrier) Associated Lymphoid Tissue 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. | back 92 1. Mucosal (MALT) 2. Bronchus (BALT) 3. Skin (SALT) 4. Nasal (NALT) 5. Gut (GALT) |