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Immunology Lecture 1 & 2

front 1

What is Immunology?

back 1

"Exemption or protection from an obligation or penalty"

"The state or quality of being resistant to a particular infectious disease or pathogen"

"Science of Self/Non-Self Discrimination"

front 2

What is the Basic Model for Immunity?

__________ -> | __________ -> __________ ->

back 2

Pathogen -> (entrance into body) -> Recognition -> Effector Response

front 3

Do prokaryotes have an innate or adaptive immune system or both?

back 3

Innate: Restriction/modification enzymes

Adaptive: CRISPR/Cas9

front 4

Do eukaryotes have an innate or adaptive immune system or both?

back 4

Innate

Adaptive

front 5

Do invertebrates have an innate or adaptive immune system or both?

back 5

Innate

front 6

Can we generate immunity without inducting disease?

back 6

YES... through vaccination

front 7

_____________ prepares the immune system to eradicate an infectious agent before it causes disease. Widespread vaccine use has saved may lives. (ex: polio vaccine and eradication of smallpox)

back 7

Vaccination

front 8

Major Arms of the Immune System?

1.

2.

back 8

1. Innate Immunity

2. Adaptive Immunity

front 9

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity:

Response Time?

back 9

Innate: Minutes to hours

Adaptive: Days

front 10

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity:

Specificity?

back 10

Innate: Limited and fixed

Adaptive: Highly diverse; adapts to improve during the course of immune response

front 11

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity:

Response to repeat infection?

back 11

Innate: Same each time

Adaptive: More rapid and effective with each subsequent exposure

front 12

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity:

Major Components?

back 12

Innate: Barriers (e.g. skin); phagocytes; pattern recognition molecules

Adaptive: T and B lymphocytes; antigen-specific receptors; antibodies

front 13

What is the first line of defense; i,e, it's fast but non-specific and aids in activating the adaptive immune system?

back 13

The innate immune response

front 14

What is the late(r) line of defense, i.e. it's not as fast, but stronger and more specific?

back 14

The adaptive immune response

front 15

Divisions of the Adaptive Immune System:

1.

2.

back 15

1. Humoral Immunity

2. Cell-Mediated Immunity

front 16

What is the difference between Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity?

back 16

Humoral Immunity:

- Antibody-driven (B cells)

- Non-cellular

- Extracellular pathogens

Cell-Mediated Immunity:

- T cell-driven

- Intracellular pathogens

front 17

____________ is a hallmark of adaptive immunity.

back 17

Memory

front 18

A _______________ is initiated upon first exposure to an antigen, and some immune cells (memory) are left behind after the ___________ is cleared.

back 18

Primary Response

Antigen

front 19

A _______________ is initiated upon second exposure to the same ____________ that stimulates memory lymphocytes.

back 19

Secondary Response

Antigen

front 20

Stimulation yields faster, more significant, and better response. But, that response is specific to the ___________.

back 20

Antigen

front 21

Any substance that binds to an immune receptor.

back 21

Antigen

front 22

The immune response to a particular pathogen is tailored to the type of organism involved and depends on:

1.

2.

back 22

1. The structure of the pathogen

2. Its location, i.e. intra- or extra-cellular

front 23

______________ is a state of immunological unresponsiveness to particular antigens or sets of antigens.

back 23

Tolerance

front 24

Is the immune system correctly balanced when it always attacks foreign substances and is always tolerant of self-tissue?

back 24

No

front 25

What can result when something is wrong with one's immunity?

back 25

Autoimmunity/ Chronic Inflammation

Hypersensitivity (Allergy, Asthma)

Organ Transplants/ Pregnancy

front 26

What can result when something is wrong with one's tolerance?

back 26

Immunodeficiency (Genetic or Acquired)

Cancer

front 27

The formation and differentiation of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes) from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).

back 27

Hematopoiesis

front 28

What is meant by the term "the big picture?"

back 28

The fully functional immune system involves so many organs, molecules, cells, and pathways in such an interconnected and sometimes circular process that it is often difficult to know where to start... a focus on the details can make it difficult to see the bigger picture..."

front 29

Two Criteria for Stem Cells:

1.

2.

back 29

1. Self-Renewal

2. Differentiation into Diverse Cell Types

front 30

Can give rise to virtually any cell type (embryonic).

back 30

Pluripotency

front 31

Can give rise to cell types of a certain tissue (adult)

back 31

Multipotency

front 32

Leukocyte Lineage

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

1. ______________________ 3. ______________________

2. ______________________ 4. ______________________

back 32

1. Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)

2. Granulocyte; Monocyte

3. Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)

4. Lymphocyte

front 33

Hematopoietic stem cell that is majorly involved in innate immunity?

back 33

CMP

front 34

Hematopoietic stem cell that is majorly involved in adaptive immunity?

back 34

CLP

front 35

4 Types of Myeloid Cells:

1.

2.

3.

4.

back 35

1. Granulocytes

2. Eosinophils

3. Erythrocytes

4. Megakaryocytes (platelets)

front 36

4 Types of Granulocytes:

1.

2.

3.

4.

back 36

1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

4. Mast Cells

front 37

3 Types of Lymphoid Cells:

1.

2.

3.

back 37

1. T Cells

2. B cells

3. Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)/Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

front 38

Macrophages and Dendritic Cells are found in _________.

back 38

Tissue

front 39

Which is the most abundant cell types?

back 39

Neutrophils

front 40

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- Tissue Remodeling

- Direct harm to pathogens

- Regulation of proteases

- Vasodilation, inflammation

back 40

Neutrophil

front 41

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- Induces formation of ROS

- Vasodilation, basophil degranulation

- Antiviral activity

- Modulation of adaptive immune responses

- Attract leukocytes

back 41

Eosinophil

front 42

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- Modulation of adaptive immune

- Regulation of inflammation

- Vasodilation, smooth muscle activation

back 42

Basophil/Mast cell

front 43

_________________ respond quickly to infection; once they enter the tissue, they become macrophages and fight infection by phagocytosis.

back 43

Inflammatory Monocytes

front 44

_________________ tend to be much more slow-acting. They tend to "crawl" along, using amoeboid movement and may have roles in tissue repair and immune system regulation.

back 44

Patrolling Monocytes

front 45

Monocytes that migrate into tissues become _________________.

back 45

Macrophages

front 46

Macrophages have several important immune activities:

1.

2.

3.

back 46

1. Phagocytosis (pathogen clearance)

2. Antigen Presentation

3. Cytokine/Chemokine secretion

front 47

Types of Macrophages:

1.

2.

back 47

1. Tissue Resident Macrophages

2. Infiltrating Macrophages

front 48

Many _________________ don't descend from HSC, but likely are from the lineage of the organ (system) in which they find themselves.

back 48

Tissue-Specific Macrophages

front 49

Myeloid cell important in antigen capture and antigen presentation.

back 49

Dendritic Cells

front 50

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- A-nuclear

- Primary function in gas exchange (hemoglobin)

- Some immune activity: antibody receptors; nitric oxide production

back 50

Erythrocyte

front 51

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- Generate platelets, which are important in clot formation

- They contain nuclei, platelets do not

- No immune activity

back 51

Megakaryocyte

front 52

Lymphocytes (like all other cells HSCs) develop in the _____________.

back 52

Bone Marrow

front 53

What is the location of B Cell maturation?

back 53

Bursa of Fabricus

Bone Marrow

front 54

What is the location of T Cell maturation?

back 54

Thymus

front 55

Which cells have the following properties?

- principle cells involved in adaptive immunity

- small, round, with large nuclei

- distinguished by surface markers (e.g. CD4*)

back 55

Lymphoid Cells

front 56

_____ lymphoid cells in constant migration within the circulation at any given time?

- _____% of WBCs in the blood

- _____% of ALL cells in lymph

back 56

1012

20-40%

99%

front 57

Basic Nomenclature:

__________: B and T cells that are fully formed.

back 57

Mature

front 58

Basic Nomenclature:

__________: Mature B and T cells that have not yet encountered antigen.

back 58

Naive

front 59

Basic Nomenclature:

__________: Cells with specific functions to deal with pathogens.

back 59

Effector Cells

front 60

Basic Nomenclature:

__________: Cells that do not engage pathogen upon initial encounter (primary response), but persist and engage upon subsequent encounters (secondary, tertiary responses)

back 60

Memory Cells

front 61

___________: Membrane-bound antibody that makes it so each individual B cell has specificity. (~ 200,000 per cell)

back 61

B Cell Receptor (BCR)

front 62

Once the antigen binds a BCR, the cell secretes antibody (soluble BCR) and is known as a _____________.

back 62

Plasma Cell

front 63

What are the two types of T Lymphocytes?

back 63

1. T helper (Th) cell

2. T cytotoxic (Tc) cell

front 64

How can you differentiate between Th cells and Tc cells?

back 64

Th cell = CD4+

Tc cell = CD8+

front 65

Which cells are part of the lymphoid lineage, but are considered innate (Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs))?

back 65

Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

front 66

Which cells patrol looking for cells that look weird?

back 66

NK Cells

front 67

Which cells are important in tumor defense and the recycling of senescent cells?

back 67

NK Cells

front 68

Which cell employs Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

back 68

NK Cells

front 69

What is the site of development and maturation of lymphoid cells (and all immune cells, really)?

back 69

Primary Lymphoid Tissue

front 70

The types of primary lymphoid tissue:

1.

2.

back 70

1. Bone Marrow

2. Thymus

front 71

___________ is the functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue. (bone marrow)

back 71

Parenchyma

front 72

__________ is everything that's not parenchyma. (bone marrowI

back 72

Stroma

front 73

Microenvironment/niche: Parenchyma

Sequestered region of stem cells lined by supporting cells that regulate:

1.

2.

3.

4.

back 73

1. Survival

2. Proliferation

3. Differentiation

4. Trafficking

front 74

Where does all immune cell development begin?

back 74

Bone Marrow

front 75

What is the site for long-lasting memory B and T cells?

back 75

Bone Marrow

front 76

Type of stromal cells:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

back 76

1. Endothelial cells

2. Perivascular cells

3. Sympathetic nerves

4. Macrophages

5. Osteoblasts

front 77

T cell development is not complete until the cells undergo __________ in the thymus (B cells undergo a similar process in the bone marrow)

back 77

Selection

front 78

Thymocytes (bone marrow) -> ____________________

back 78

Functional mature T cells (thymus)

front 79

_____________________ -> Functional mature T cells (thymus)

back 79

Thymocytes (bone marrow)

front 80

__________ is the protein-rich fluid that is derived from the fluid portion of the blood (plasma).

back 80

Lymph

front 81

______________________ circulate lymph (interstitial fluid); it collects in the thoracic duct and then drains into the left subclavian vein.

back 81

Lymphatic vessels

front 82

As lymph travels through lymphatic vessels, it travels through _________________.

back 82

Lymph nodes

front 83

___________ make up virtually all of the cells in the lymph - it's a quick avenue for __________ to circulate and they often travel from lymph node to lymph node.

back 83

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

front 84

The site(s) where mature, but naive lymphocytes encounter antigen.

back 84

Secondary lymphoid tissue

front 85

_____________ is where adaptive immunity begins.

back 85

Secondary lymphoid tissue

front 86

Types of secondary lymphoid tissue:

1.

2.

3.

back 86

1. Lymph Node

2. Spleen

3. Other associated lymphoid tissues (tonsils, appendix, ect.)

front 87

Entry into the Lymph Node?

back 87

Lymphocytes-High Endothelial Venules (HEVs)

Antigen/ APCs- Afferent Lymphatics

front 88

Exit from the Lymph Node?

back 88

Efferent Lymphatics

front 89

Entrance into the Spleen?

back 89

Splenic Artery

front 90

Exit from the Spleen?

back 90

Splenic Vein

front 91

Activation of adaptive immune response and generation of T and B cells in the _________ occurs in a manner similar to that of the LN.

back 91

Spleen

front 92

(Barrier) Associated Lymphoid Tissue

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

back 92

1. Mucosal (MALT)

2. Bronchus (BALT)

3. Skin (SALT)

4. Nasal (NALT)

5. Gut (GALT)