Immunology Lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards

What is Immunology?

What is the Basic Model for Immunity?

__________ -> | __________ -> __________ ->

Do prokaryotes have an innate or adaptive immune system or both?

Do eukaryotes have an innate or adaptive immune system or both?

Do invertebrates have an innate or adaptive immune system or both?

Can we generate immunity without inducting disease?

_____________ prepares the immune system to eradicate an infectious agent before it causes disease. Widespread vaccine use has saved may lives. (ex: polio vaccine and eradication of smallpox)

Major Arms of the Immune System?

1.

2.

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity:

Response Time?

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity:

Specificity?

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity:

Response to repeat infection?

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity:

Major Components?

What is the first line of defense; i,e, it's fast but non-specific and aids in activating the adaptive immune system?

What is the late(r) line of defense, i.e. it's not as fast, but stronger and more specific?

Divisions of the Adaptive Immune System:

1.

2.

What is the difference between Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity?

____________ is a hallmark of adaptive immunity.

A _______________ is initiated upon first exposure to an antigen, and some immune cells (memory) are left behind after the ___________ is cleared.

A _______________ is initiated upon second exposure to the same ____________ that stimulates memory lymphocytes.

Stimulation yields faster, more significant, and better response. But, that response is specific to the ___________.

Any substance that binds to an immune receptor.

The immune response to a particular pathogen is tailored to the type of organism involved and depends on:

1.

2.

______________ is a state of immunological unresponsiveness to particular antigens or sets of antigens.

Is the immune system correctly balanced when it always attacks foreign substances and is always tolerant of self-tissue?

What can result when something is wrong with one's immunity?

What can result when something is wrong with one's tolerance?

The formation and differentiation of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes) from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).

What is meant by the term "the big picture?"

Two Criteria for Stem Cells:

1.

2.

Can give rise to virtually any cell type (embryonic).

Can give rise to cell types of a certain tissue (adult)

Leukocyte Lineage

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

1. ______________________ 3. ______________________

2. ______________________ 4. ______________________

Hematopoietic stem cell that is majorly involved in innate immunity?

Hematopoietic stem cell that is majorly involved in adaptive immunity?

4 Types of Myeloid Cells:

1.

2.

3.

4.

4 Types of Granulocytes:

1.

2.

3.

4.

3 Types of Lymphoid Cells:

1.

2.

3.

Macrophages and Dendritic Cells are found in _________.

Which is the most abundant cell types?

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- Tissue Remodeling

- Direct harm to pathogens

- Regulation of proteases

- Vasodilation, inflammation

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- Induces formation of ROS

- Vasodilation, basophil degranulation

- Antiviral activity

- Modulation of adaptive immune responses

- Attract leukocytes

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- Modulation of adaptive immune

- Regulation of inflammation

- Vasodilation, smooth muscle activation

_________________ respond quickly to infection; once they enter the tissue, they become macrophages and fight infection by phagocytosis.

_________________ tend to be much more slow-acting. They tend to "crawl" along, using amoeboid movement and may have roles in tissue repair and immune system regulation.

Monocytes that migrate into tissues become _________________.

Macrophages have several important immune activities:

1.

2.

3.

Types of Macrophages:

1.

2.

Many _________________ don't descend from HSC, but likely are from the lineage of the organ (system) in which they find themselves.

Myeloid cell important in antigen capture and antigen presentation.

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- A-nuclear

- Primary function in gas exchange (hemoglobin)

- Some immune activity: antibody receptors; nitric oxide production

Which myeloid cell has the following functions?

- Generate platelets, which are important in clot formation

- They contain nuclei, platelets do not

- No immune activity

Lymphocytes (like all other cells HSCs) develop in the _____________.

What is the location of B Cell maturation?

What is the location of T Cell maturation?

Which cells have the following properties?

- principle cells involved in adaptive immunity

- small, round, with large nuclei

- distinguished by surface markers (e.g. CD4*)

_____ lymphoid cells in constant migration within the circulation at any given time?

- _____% of WBCs in the blood

- _____% of ALL cells in lymph

Basic Nomenclature:

__________: B and T cells that are fully formed.

Basic Nomenclature:

__________: Mature B and T cells that have not yet encountered antigen.

Basic Nomenclature:

__________: Cells with specific functions to deal with pathogens.

Basic Nomenclature:

__________: Cells that do not engage pathogen upon initial encounter (primary response), but persist and engage upon subsequent encounters (secondary, tertiary responses)

___________: Membrane-bound antibody that makes it so each individual B cell has specificity. (~ 200,000 per cell)

Once the antigen binds a BCR, the cell secretes antibody (soluble BCR) and is known as a _____________.

What are the two types of T Lymphocytes?

How can you differentiate between Th cells and Tc cells?

Which cells are part of the lymphoid lineage, but are considered innate (Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs))?

Which cells patrol looking for cells that look weird?

Which cells are important in tumor defense and the recycling of senescent cells?

Which cell employs Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

What is the site of development and maturation of lymphoid cells (and all immune cells, really)?

The types of primary lymphoid tissue:

1.

2.

___________ is the functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue. (bone marrow)

__________ is everything that's not parenchyma. (bone marrowI

Microenvironment/niche: Parenchyma

Sequestered region of stem cells lined by supporting cells that regulate:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Where does all immune cell development begin?

What is the site for long-lasting memory B and T cells?

Type of stromal cells:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

T cell development is not complete until the cells undergo __________ in the thymus (B cells undergo a similar process in the bone marrow)

Thymocytes (bone marrow) -> ____________________

_____________________ -> Functional mature T cells (thymus)

__________ is the protein-rich fluid that is derived from the fluid portion of the blood (plasma).

______________________ circulate lymph (interstitial fluid); it collects in the thoracic duct and then drains into the left subclavian vein.

As lymph travels through lymphatic vessels, it travels through _________________.

___________ make up virtually all of the cells in the lymph - it's a quick avenue for __________ to circulate and they often travel from lymph node to lymph node.

The site(s) where mature, but naive lymphocytes encounter antigen.

_____________ is where adaptive immunity begins.

Types of secondary lymphoid tissue:

1.

2.

3.

Entry into the Lymph Node?

Exit from the Lymph Node?

Entrance into the Spleen?

Exit from the Spleen?

Activation of adaptive immune response and generation of T and B cells in the _________ occurs in a manner similar to that of the LN.

(Barrier) Associated Lymphoid Tissue

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.