front 1 Earthquake | back 1 A sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves. |
front 2 Volcano | back 2 A fissure or vent in Earths surface through which lava, gas and other volcanic materials are irrupted. |
front 3 Earth's structure | back 3 Inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere (includes crust) |
front 4 Divergent (constructive) plate boundaries | back 4 When the plates more away from each other creating new land, earthquakes and volcanoes. |
front 5 Convergent (destructive) plate boundaries | back 5 When oceanic crust moves underneath the continental crust in the act of subduction, creating volcanoes and earthquakes. |
front 6 Collision plate boundary | back 6 When two tectonic plates collide but have simian density so neither is subjected causing them to rise and form mountains and earthquakes. |
front 7 Conservative plates | back 7 When plates slide past each other creating friction and earthquakes but no volcanoes. |
front 8 Hot spot | back 8 When magma plume congregates and rises in one part of the plate creating a volcano and island. |
front 9 Viscosity | back 9 The thickness of the lava, either high (thick, set sooner) or low (runny, travels far) |
front 10 Stratovolcano | back 10 A cone shaped volcano that has viscous lava and has more violent eruptions due to gas buildup in this thick lava. |
front 11 Shield volcano | back 11 Short and wide volcanoes that have less dangerous eruptions. |
front 12 Lahar | back 12 Mass of flowing volcano debris and water, with simian consistency too wet concrete. |
front 13 Focus | back 13 The place where the press is released underground during an earthquake. |
front 14 Epicenter | back 14 The place on the surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake. |
front 15 Drainage basin | back 15 Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off. |
front 16 Watershed | back 16 Mountain or ridge of land that separates water flow. |
front 17 Tributary | back 17 A river or stream that joins a larger river or stream. |
front 18 Confluence | back 18 The point where a tributary joins the main river. |
front 19 River source | back 19 The place where a river begins at the top of a mountain. |
front 20 River mouth | back 20 Where the river enters a large body of water like an ocean or sea. |
front 21 Transpiration | back 21 The loss of water vapour from a plant. |
front 22 Evapotranspiration | back 22 The total amount of water vapour sent into the sky from evaporation and transpiration. |
front 23 Interception | back 23 Plants and foliage intercepting water from getting to the ground. |
front 24 Infiltration | back 24 Water passing through the soil or surface of the ground. |
front 25 Permeability | back 25 How easy or hard it is for the water to enter into ground. |
front 26 Percolation | back 26 Water travelling through the deeper levels of the soil until it reaches ground water. |
front 27 Water table | back 27 The level of ground water. |
front 28 Overland flow or surface run off | back 28 Flow of water on the surface when the soil can't take anymore into rivers or streams. |
front 29 River discharge | back 29 Volume of water flowing through a river channel, measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs) |
front 30 Load | back 30 Material carried by a stream or river. |
front 31 Hydraulic action | back 31 Water directly eroding and removing material from the river banks. |
front 32 Abrasion | back 32 Load crashes into the river banks eroding them away. |
front 33 Attrition | back 33 Breaking up and smoothing of the load as they crash together and break down. |
front 34 Solution (corrosion) | back 34 Rocks such as limestone dissolve in the presence of water. |
front 35 Traction | back 35 Heavy rocks and boulders move by rolling along the riverbed. |
front 36 Saltation | back 36 Small pebbles and stones move by being bounced along the riverbed. |
front 37 Suspension | back 37 Very light materials are carried near the surface of the river giving the river its colour. |
front 38 Solution | back 38 Minerals are dissolved and carried in water. |
front 39 Deposition | back 39 When the river no longer has sufficient energy to carry material so deposits it. |
front 40 Potholes | back 40 Cylindrical hollows that are usually dapper than they are wide. |
front 41 Waterfall | back 41 Vertical drop of water. |
front 42 Meander | back 42 Bends in a river. |
front 43 Ox-bow lake | back 43 A separate body of water that is present shaped that is created when the necks of meanders join together cutting it off. |
front 44 Flood plain | back 44 There area a river floods when it exceeds its tankful discharge. |
front 45 Levee | back 45 Raised bank of a river bed. |
front 46 Braided channel | back 46 When a river bed splits into multiple channels creating many smaller rivers when there is not much water. |
front 47 Deltas | back 47 The point where the rivers meet the sea, it is usually triangular shaped because of deposition. |
front 48 Recurrence interval | back 48 Identifying the frequency of floods in an area and chances of them happening again in the area. |
front 49 Littoral zone | back 49 The area near the shore on the coast that can be affected by wave action. |
front 50 Surf zone | back 50 Area where waves form and crash. |
front 51 Foreshore | back 51 Area between the high and low water mark. |
front 52 Backshore | back 52 The actual beach of the sand dunes. |
front 53 Fetch | back 53 The distance of open sea the wind can blow without obstruction. |
front 54 Constructive waves | back 54 Waves with low energy that have stronger swashes than backwashes. |
front 55 Destructive waves | back 55 Tall and powerful waves that have a strong backwash. |
front 56 Headland | back 56 A cliff that sticks out into the sea and is surrounded by water on three sides. |
front 57 Discordant coastline | back 57 Coastlines that have alternating bands of soft and hard rock. |
front 58 Longshore drift | back 58 The movement of deposition along a coastline due to the waves moving along in a zigzag, because of the angled direction of the wind. |
front 59 Sand spit | back 59 An extended stretch of beach at one end of the coastline caused by longshore drift. |
front 60 Sand bar | back 60 A strip of deposited sand blocking of a body of water. |
front 61 Sand dunes | back 61 Large piles of sand that form at the back of sandy beaches. |
front 62 Coral reef | back 62 An underwater ecosystem that consists of coral polys that excrete calcium carbonate. |
front 63 Fringing reef | back 63 A reef that grows on the coastline of an island or body of land. |
front 64 Barrier reef | back 64 A reef that is parallel to the shore but is separated by a channel of water. |
front 65 Atoll | back 65 Circular or oval shaped reef with no land mass in the centre. |
front 66 Mangroves | back 66 A group of trees that live on the coastline. |
front 67 Hard engineering | back 67 Building artificial structures to try control natural processes. |
front 68 Dolos | back 68 A concrete block that dissipates wave energy. |
front 69 Groynes | back 69 Structures built at a right angle to the beach to stop longshore drift. |
front 70 Offshore breakwater | back 70 A structure parallel to the shore intercepting incoming waves. |
front 71 Gabions | back 71 Rocks in cages used to prevent coastal erosion. |
front 72 Soft engineering | back 72 Controlling natural processes using natural methods. |
front 73 Beach nourishment | back 73 Replacing sand lost by transportation with sand from the sea bed. |
front 74 Managed retreat | back 74 Allowing coastline to retreat in certain areas that matter least economically. |
front 75 Red-lining | back 75 Planning permission for an area is stopped so no more value is added to an area at risk of erosion. |
front 76 Tropical storm | back 76 A powerful low-pressure weather system with high precipitation and winds. |
front 77 Storm surge | back 77 A rise in sea level caused by a storm as the waves agin energy causing flooding. |
front 78 Thermometer | back 78 Device used to measure temperature. |
front 79 Relative humidity | back 79 The amount of water present in the air as a percentage of the total amount of water vapour the air can hold. |
front 80 Rain gauge | back 80 An instrument used to measure precipitation, it consists of a funnel and is measured in mm. |
front 81 Weather | back 81 The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere. |
front 82 Climate | back 82 The average weather conditions in a particular location based on the average weather experienced there over 30 years or more. |
front 83 Atmospheric pressure | back 83 Atmospheric pressure is the weight of air pressing down on us. |
front 84 Barometer | back 84 This is the device that can be used to measure the atmospheric pressure of a place. Usually an aneroid barometer will contain a small vacuum chamber that will expand and contract with the changing air pressure. |
front 85 Isobar map | back 85 Map with lines connecting areas with the same atmospheric pressure. |
front 86 Anemometer | back 86 The device that can be used to measure the speed that the wind is blowing in. |
front 87 Wind vane | back 87 A device that shows the direction wind is coming from. |
front 88 Cumulus cloud | back 88 A fluffy white cloud that looks like cotton wool. |
front 89 Cirrus cloud | back 89 A wispy cloud that is found in high altitudes and is made form ice crystals. |
front 90 Stratus cloud | back 90 These are clouds that are low, usually one consistent colour, and cover the sky like a blanket. |
front 91 Oktas | back 91 This is the measurement for cloud cover. Each okta makes up one eight of the sky. |
front 92 Equatorial climate | back 92 Climate near equator where rainforests are found, it is hot and wet all year round. |
front 93 Desert climate | back 93 A dry climate with little rain all year round, with a distinct temperature change for summer and winter. |
front 94 Salt flat | back 94 The ground is infertile with a hard salt flat. |