front 1 Pressure and volume | back 1 Inversely proportional |
front 2 Flow and resistance | back 2 Inversely proportional |
front 3 Pressure and flow | back 3 Proportional |
front 4 Radius and flow | back 4 Proportional |
front 5 Blood flows from regions of ___ pressure to regions of ___ pressure | back 5 High; low |
front 6 Which of the following is essential for one-way blood flow through veins? | back 6 One-way valves found with veins |
front 7 The right side of the heart pumps ______ blood through the ______ circulation | back 7 Deoxygenated; pulmonary |
front 8 Anatomically, the inferior portion of the heart is also known as the ___ | back 8 Apex |
front 9 What was listed as the cause of this young man’s death (stabbed in chest)? | back 9 Pericardial tamponade |
front 10 Place the following in the order that they would be encountered as you move from the inside of the ventricular chamber to the thoracic cavity | back 10 - Endothelial cell layer - Cardiac skeleton - Epicardium - Pericardial fluid - Parietal pericardium - Fibrous pericardium |
front 11 How many chambers does the heart have? | back 11 4 |
front 12 Rupture of the chordae tendinae sometimes occurs in patients with endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium). This disorder would most likely require surgery on which of the following valves? | back 12 Mitral valve |
front 13 What was the primary underlying cause of heart failure in this patient? | back 13 Aortic stenosis |
front 14 What will be the result if the blood continues to back up? | back 14 Right-sided heart failure |
front 15 Place the following structures in the order they would be encountered by a red blood cell leaving the left ventricle | back 15 - Aorta - Systemic capillary - Vena cava - Right atrium - Right ventricle - Pulmonary artery - Pulmonary vein - Left atrium |
front 16 Inferior vena cava | back 16 Deoxygenated |
front 17 Superior vena cava | back 17 Deoxygenated |
front 18 Coronary artery | back 18 Oxygenated |
front 19 Coronary vein | back 19 Deoxygenated |
front 20 Pulmonary vein | back 20 Oxygenated |
front 21 Pulmonary artery | back 21 Deoxygenated |
front 22 What does a blue tint to the skin tell you about your patient? | back 22 The patient has poor circulation |
front 23 What is the name of the vessels that take blood to alternate routes in the fetus? | back 23 Fetal shunts |
front 24 One difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that ___ | back 24 Cardiac myocytes have a single nucleus |
front 25 What types of cell-to-cell junctions are found within intercalated discs? | back 25 Gap |
front 26 Why are contractile myocytes different than pacemaker cells? | back 26 Pacemaker cells are low in abundance |
front 27 Sequence the following events of the cardiac myocyte action potential | back 27 - Inward rectifier potassium channels are open, creating high potassium permeability - Depolarization from resting membrane potential - Fast sodium channels increase sodium permeability - Refractory period begins - Calcium permeability increases - Delayed rectifier potassium channels open - L-type calcium channels close |
front 28 Funny current | back 28 A mixed sodium and potassium current |
front 29 HCN channels | back 29 A channel that opens at very negative potentials |
front 30 T-type calcium channel | back 30 The first calcium channel to open |
front 31 L-type calcium channel | back 31 The second calcium channel to open |
front 32 Funny current begins the ___ | back 32 Pacemaker potential phase |
front 33 L-type channel creates rapid ___ | back 33 Depolarization |
front 34 Inward rectifier potassium channels create rapid ___ | back 34 Repolarization |
front 35 SA node | back 35 Also known as the pacemaker |
front 36 AV node | back 36 Creates a short delay in conduction |
front 37 Bundle of his | back 37 Conducts action potentials through the interventricular septum |
front 38 Purkinje fibers | back 38 Have a rapid conduction velocity due to many gap junctions |
front 39 Capable of firing approximately 100 action potentials per second | back 39 SA node |
front 40 Capable of firing 40-60 action potentials per second | back 40 AV node |
front 41 Conduct electrical signals directly to contractile myocytes in ventricle | back 41 Purkinje fibers |
front 42 Place the following structures in the order they would receive an electrical stimulus | back 42 - SA node - Atrial contractile myocytes - AV node - Bundle of his - Left and right bundle branches - Purkinje fibers - Ventricular contractile myocytes |
front 43 What does an ECG measure? | back 43 What does an ECG measure? |
front 44 While preparing her patient for an ECG, a cardiologist accidentally switches the recording electrode of lead 1 with the reference electrode from lead 1. Which of the following results would be expected? | back 44 Repolarizing current will give a positive deflection |
front 45 Altered conduction through the L-Type calcium channel of contractile myocytes commonly occurs with the onset of heart failure. Where in the ECG below would abnormalities be observed in someone suffering from this defect? | back 45 QRS complex |
front 46 Which of the following is a similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle? | back 46 Cardiac muscle has a refractory period |
front 47 Using the diagram below, place the following events of the cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the first atrial systole | back 47 - First atrial systole - Atrial diastole/early ventricular systole - Late ventricular systole - Early ventricular diastole - Late ventricular diastole - Second atrial systole |
front 48 An increase in ESV (end-systolic volume) represent ___ | back 48 A decrease in cardiac function |
front 49 The majority of ventricular filling happens during this phase | back 49 Late ventricular diastole |
front 50 At the beginning of this phase, ventricles contain their end systolic volume | back 50 Early ventricular diastole |
front 51 Late ventricular diastole | back 51 Late ventricular diastole |
front 52 This phase begins when the SL valves open | back 52 Late ventricular systole |
front 53 Late ventricular systole | back 53 Isotonic contraction occurs during this phase |
front 54 Early ventricular systole | back 54 Isometric contraction occurs during this phase |
front 55 Early ventricular diastole | back 55 Isovolumic relaxation occurs during this phase |
front 56 A partial conduction block, which delays conduction at the AV node, would produce which of the following changes in heart sounds? | back 56 Increased time between S1 and S2 |
front 57 Increased time between S1 and S2 | back 57 Increases cardiac output |
front 58 Increased heart rate | back 58 Increases cardiac output |
front 59 Decreased EDV | back 59 Decreases cardiac output |
front 60 Increased EDV | back 60 Increases cardiac output |
front 61 Increases cardiac output | back 61 Venous constriction |
front 62 Which of the following would be observed in a ventricular myocyte of a patient taking a Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist? | back 62 Increased calcium loading into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
front 63 Generation of cAMP | back 63 Increase |
front 64 Phosphorylation of RyR | back 64 Increase |
front 65 Increase in SERCA activity | back 65 Increase |
front 66 Activation of the cardiac nerve | back 66 Increase |
front 67 Inhibition of the cardioinhibitory center | back 67 Increase |
front 68 Increasing acetylcholine release | back 68 Decrease |
front 69 Inhibiting protein kinase A | back 69 Decrease |
front 70 Stimulation of the vagus nerve | back 70 Decrease |
front 71 Inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system | back 71 Decrease |