Chapter 18 Reading Assignment Flashcards


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1

Pressure and volume

Inversely proportional

2

Flow and resistance

Inversely proportional

3

Pressure and flow

Proportional

4

Radius and flow

Proportional

5

Blood flows from regions of ___ pressure to regions of ___ pressure

High; low

6

Which of the following is essential for one-way blood flow through veins?

One-way valves found with veins

7

The right side of the heart pumps ______ blood through the ______ circulation

Deoxygenated; pulmonary

8

Anatomically, the inferior portion of the heart is also known as the ___

Apex

9

What was listed as the cause of this young man’s death (stabbed in chest)?

Pericardial tamponade

10

Place the following in the order that they would be encountered as you move from the inside of the ventricular chamber to the thoracic cavity

- Endothelial cell layer

- Cardiac skeleton

- Epicardium

- Pericardial fluid

- Parietal pericardium

- Fibrous pericardium

11

How many chambers does the heart have?

4

12

Rupture of the chordae tendinae sometimes occurs in patients with endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium). This disorder would most likely require surgery on which of the following valves?

Mitral valve

13

What was the primary underlying cause of heart failure in this patient?

Aortic stenosis

14

What will be the result if the blood continues to back up?

Right-sided heart failure

15

Place the following structures in the order they would be encountered by a red blood cell leaving the left ventricle

- Aorta

- Systemic capillary

- Vena cava

- Right atrium

- Right ventricle

- Pulmonary artery

- Pulmonary vein

- Left atrium

16

Inferior vena cava

Deoxygenated

17

Superior vena cava

Deoxygenated

18

Coronary artery

Oxygenated

19

Coronary vein

Deoxygenated

20

Pulmonary vein

Oxygenated

21

Pulmonary artery

Deoxygenated

22

What does a blue tint to the skin tell you about your patient?

The patient has poor circulation

23

What is the name of the vessels that take blood to alternate routes in the fetus?

Fetal shunts

24

One difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that ___

Cardiac myocytes have a single nucleus

25

What types of cell-to-cell junctions are found within intercalated discs?

Gap

26

Why are contractile myocytes different than pacemaker cells?

Pacemaker cells are low in abundance

27

Sequence the following events of the cardiac myocyte action potential

- Inward rectifier potassium channels are open, creating high potassium permeability

- Depolarization from resting membrane potential

- Fast sodium channels increase sodium permeability

- Refractory period begins

- Calcium permeability increases

- Delayed rectifier potassium channels open

- L-type calcium channels close

28

Funny current

A mixed sodium and potassium current

29

HCN channels

A channel that opens at very negative potentials

30

T-type calcium channel

The first calcium channel to open

31

L-type calcium channel

The second calcium channel to open

32

Funny current begins the ___

Pacemaker potential phase

33

L-type channel creates rapid ___

Depolarization

34

Inward rectifier potassium channels create rapid ___

Repolarization

35

SA node

Also known as the pacemaker

36

AV node

Creates a short delay in conduction

37

Bundle of his

Conducts action potentials through the interventricular septum

38

Purkinje fibers

Have a rapid conduction velocity due to many gap junctions

39

Capable of firing approximately 100 action potentials per second

SA node

40

Capable of firing 40-60 action potentials per second

AV node

41

Conduct electrical signals directly to contractile myocytes in ventricle

Purkinje fibers

42

Place the following structures in the order they would receive an electrical stimulus

- SA node

- Atrial contractile myocytes

- AV node

- Bundle of his

- Left and right bundle branches

- Purkinje fibers

- Ventricular contractile myocytes

43

What does an ECG measure?

What does an ECG measure?

44

While preparing her patient for an ECG, a cardiologist accidentally switches the recording electrode of lead 1 with the reference electrode from lead 1. Which of the following results would be expected?

Repolarizing current will give a positive deflection

45

Altered conduction through the L-Type calcium channel of contractile myocytes commonly occurs with the onset of heart failure. Where in the ECG below would abnormalities be observed in someone suffering from this defect?

QRS complex

46

Which of the following is a similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

Cardiac muscle has a refractory period

47

Using the diagram below, place the following events of the cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the first atrial systole

- First atrial systole

- Atrial diastole/early ventricular systole

- Late ventricular systole

- Early ventricular diastole

- Late ventricular diastole

- Second atrial systole

48

An increase in ESV (end-systolic volume) represent ___

A decrease in cardiac function

49

The majority of ventricular filling happens during this phase

Late ventricular diastole

50

At the beginning of this phase, ventricles contain their end systolic volume

Early ventricular diastole

51

Late ventricular diastole

Late ventricular diastole

52

This phase begins when the SL valves open

Late ventricular systole

53

Late ventricular systole

Isotonic contraction occurs during this phase

54

Early ventricular systole

Isometric contraction occurs during this phase

55

Early ventricular diastole

Isovolumic relaxation occurs during this phase

56

A partial conduction block, which delays conduction at the AV node, would produce which of the following changes in heart sounds?

Increased time between S1 and S2

57

Increased time between S1 and S2

Increases cardiac output

58

Increased heart rate

Increases cardiac output

59

Decreased EDV

Decreases cardiac output

60

Increased EDV

Increases cardiac output

61

Increases cardiac output

Venous constriction

62

Which of the following would be observed in a ventricular myocyte of a patient taking a Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist?

Increased calcium loading into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

63

Generation of cAMP

Increase

64

Phosphorylation of RyR

Increase

65

Increase in SERCA activity

Increase

66

Activation of the cardiac nerve

Increase

67

Inhibition of the cardioinhibitory center

Increase

68

Increasing acetylcholine release

Decrease

69

Inhibiting protein kinase A

Decrease

70

Stimulation of the vagus nerve

Decrease

71

Inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system

Decrease