Pressure and volume
Inversely proportional
Flow and resistance
Inversely proportional
Pressure and flow
Proportional
Radius and flow
Proportional
Blood flows from regions of ___ pressure to regions of ___ pressure
High; low
Which of the following is essential for one-way blood flow through veins?
One-way valves found with veins
The right side of the heart pumps ______ blood through the ______ circulation
Deoxygenated; pulmonary
Anatomically, the inferior portion of the heart is also known as the ___
Apex
What was listed as the cause of this young man’s death (stabbed in chest)?
Pericardial tamponade
Place the following in the order that they would be encountered as you move from the inside of the ventricular chamber to the thoracic cavity
- Endothelial cell layer
- Cardiac skeleton
- Epicardium
- Pericardial fluid
- Parietal pericardium
- Fibrous pericardium
How many chambers does the heart have?
4
Rupture of the chordae tendinae sometimes occurs in patients with endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium). This disorder would most likely require surgery on which of the following valves?
Mitral valve
What was the primary underlying cause of heart failure in this patient?
Aortic stenosis
What will be the result if the blood continues to back up?
Right-sided heart failure
Place the following structures in the order they would be encountered by a red blood cell leaving the left ventricle
- Aorta
- Systemic capillary
- Vena cava
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary vein
- Left atrium
Inferior vena cava
Deoxygenated
Superior vena cava
Deoxygenated
Coronary artery
Oxygenated
Coronary vein
Deoxygenated
Pulmonary vein
Oxygenated
Pulmonary artery
Deoxygenated
What does a blue tint to the skin tell you about your patient?
The patient has poor circulation
What is the name of the vessels that take blood to alternate routes in the fetus?
Fetal shunts
One difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that ___
Cardiac myocytes have a single nucleus
What types of cell-to-cell junctions are found within intercalated discs?
Gap
Why are contractile myocytes different than pacemaker cells?
Pacemaker cells are low in abundance
Sequence the following events of the cardiac myocyte action potential
- Inward rectifier potassium channels are open, creating high potassium permeability
- Depolarization from resting membrane potential
- Fast sodium channels increase sodium permeability
- Refractory period begins
- Calcium permeability increases
- Delayed rectifier potassium channels open
- L-type calcium channels close
Funny current
A mixed sodium and potassium current
HCN channels
A channel that opens at very negative potentials
T-type calcium channel
The first calcium channel to open
L-type calcium channel
The second calcium channel to open
Funny current begins the ___
Pacemaker potential phase
L-type channel creates rapid ___
Depolarization
Inward rectifier potassium channels create rapid ___
Repolarization
SA node
Also known as the pacemaker
AV node
Creates a short delay in conduction
Bundle of his
Conducts action potentials through the interventricular septum
Purkinje fibers
Have a rapid conduction velocity due to many gap junctions
Capable of firing approximately 100 action potentials per second
SA node
Capable of firing 40-60 action potentials per second
AV node
Conduct electrical signals directly to contractile myocytes in ventricle
Purkinje fibers
Place the following structures in the order they would receive an electrical stimulus
- SA node
- Atrial contractile myocytes
- AV node
- Bundle of his
- Left and right bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers
- Ventricular contractile myocytes
What does an ECG measure?
What does an ECG measure?
While preparing her patient for an ECG, a cardiologist accidentally switches the recording electrode of lead 1 with the reference electrode from lead 1. Which of the following results would be expected?
Repolarizing current will give a positive deflection
Altered conduction through the L-Type calcium channel of contractile myocytes commonly occurs with the onset of heart failure. Where in the ECG below would abnormalities be observed in someone suffering from this defect?
QRS complex
Which of the following is a similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle has a refractory period
Using the diagram below, place the following events of the cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the first atrial systole
- First atrial systole
- Atrial diastole/early ventricular systole
- Late ventricular systole
- Early ventricular diastole
- Late ventricular diastole
- Second atrial systole
An increase in ESV (end-systolic volume) represent ___
A decrease in cardiac function
The majority of ventricular filling happens during this phase
Late ventricular diastole
At the beginning of this phase, ventricles contain their end systolic volume
Early ventricular diastole
Late ventricular diastole
Late ventricular diastole
This phase begins when the SL valves open
Late ventricular systole
Late ventricular systole
Isotonic contraction occurs during this phase
Early ventricular systole
Isometric contraction occurs during this phase
Early ventricular diastole
Isovolumic relaxation occurs during this phase
A partial conduction block, which delays conduction at the AV node, would produce which of the following changes in heart sounds?
Increased time between S1 and S2
Increased time between S1 and S2
Increases cardiac output
Increased heart rate
Increases cardiac output
Decreased EDV
Decreases cardiac output
Increased EDV
Increases cardiac output
Increases cardiac output
Venous constriction
Which of the following would be observed in a ventricular myocyte of a patient taking a Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist?
Increased calcium loading into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Generation of cAMP
Increase
Phosphorylation of RyR
Increase
Increase in SERCA activity
Increase
Activation of the cardiac nerve
Increase
Inhibition of the cardioinhibitory center
Increase
Increasing acetylcholine release
Decrease
Inhibiting protein kinase A
Decrease
Stimulation of the vagus nerve
Decrease
Inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system
Decrease