Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except

new educational requirements for jobs.

Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor

corporations.

The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly argued that these men

built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.

The United States changed to standard time zones when

the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.

Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial employment of women in the late nineteenth century were the

typewriter and the telephone.

Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration

combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company.

Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest," like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, argued that

the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.

Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills as

the only steady jobs and wages available.

The most effective and enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the

American Federation of Labor.

Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called

pools.

Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?

Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock.

In the election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant

owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.

New York's notoriously corrupt Boss Tweed was finally jailed under the pressure of

New York Times articles and the cartoons of Thomas Nast.

A major cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was

the expansion of more factories, railroads and mines than existing markets would bear.

The major problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on

the two sets of election returns submitted by Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana.

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the south.

In the 1896 case of Plessy v Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that

"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.

At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African Americans using

lynching. literacy tests. economic intimidation. poll taxes.

Public executions and lynchings of black men in the Jim Crow South were

designed to intimidate African Americans to accept second-class status.

In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress

passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America.

Despite his status as a military hero, General Ulysses S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader because he

had no political experience and was a poor judge of character.

The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was the

availability of industrial jobs.

The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880

were culturally different from previous immigrants.

The two immigrant ethnic groups who were most harshly treated in the mid to late nineteenth century were the

Irish and Chinese

While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective in the new urban environment because

they were more effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments.

In the 1890s, white collar positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for

native-born Americans.

Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except

opposed to factory labor.

The American Protective Association

supported immigrant restrictions.

The religious denomination that was most positively engaged with the New Immigration was

Roman Catholics.

The intellectual development that seriously disturbed the churches in the late nineteenth century was the

biology of Charles Darwin.

As a leader of the African American community, Booker T. Washington

promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation.

The success of the public schools is best evidenced by

the falling illiteracy rate to just over 10 percent by 1900.

Settlement houses, such as Hull House, engaged in all of the following activities except

evangelical religious instruction.

The Morrill Act of 1862

granted public lands to states to support higher education.

Black leader, Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

demanded complete equality for African Americans.

The two late-nineteenth-century newspaper publishers whose competition for circulation fueled the rise of sensationalistic yellow journalism were

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

American newspapers expanded their circulation and public attention by

printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal.

All of these were factors that increasingly made cities more attractive than farms for young adults except

the lower cost of living.

One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was

large department stores.

Most New Immigrants

tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America.

By the late nineteenth century, most Old Immigrant groups from Northern and Western Europe

were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods.

Besides serving immigrants and the poor in urban neighborhoods, settlement workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley

actively lobbied for social reforms like anti-sweatshop laws and child labor laws.

The new, research-oriented modern American university tended to

de-emphasize religious and moral instruction in favor of practical subjects and professional specialization.

Booker T. Washington believed the key to political and civil rights for African Americans was

economic independence and education.

In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women

became much more common.

The growing prohibition movement especially reflected the concerns of

middle class women.

Which of the following sports was not developed in the decades following the Civil War?

Baseball

One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the

stresses of urban life.

In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military after the Civil War,

there was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides.

In the election of 1896, the major issue became

free and unlimited coinage of silver.

The first major farmers' organization was the

National Grange.

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods_________, and the price received for these goods __________.

increased; decreased

The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender

by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.

In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible, Americans were disturbed because

the idea of the endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning.

Sooners were settlers who "jumped the gun" in order to

claim land in Oklahoma before the territory was legally opened to settlement.

The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the

Battle of Wounded Knee.

One major problem with the Homestead Act was that

160 acres were inadequate for farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains.

The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian

assimilation.

A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authored by

Helen Hunt Jackson

Which of these is NOT a true statement about women on the frontier?

Frontier women got the right to vote much later than women in the East.

The root cause of the American farmers' problems after 1880 was

low prices and deflated currency..

Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they

were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic.

The Farmers' Alliance was especially weakened by

its inability to overcome racial divisions in the South.

During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because

the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.

Jacob Coxey and his army marched on Washington, D.C., to

demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program.

The depression of the 1890's and episodes like the Pullman Strike made the election of 1896 shape up as a

battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives.

Mark Hanna, the Ohio Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of the federal government was to

provide aid to big business.

For farm men and women, Granges were a godsend because

the picnics, concerts, and lectures they offered helped ease their isolation.

In his book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, the Reverend Josiah Strong advocated American expansion to

spread American religion and values to backward nations.

A major factor in the shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late nineteenth century was the

need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production.

Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that

control of the sea was the key to world domination.

The near-war between the United States and Britain over the Venezuela boundary crisis ultimately resulted in

a growing diplomatic reconciliation between the two English-speaking countries.

One reason that the white sugar lords tried to overthrow native Hawaiian rule and annex the islands to the United States was they

feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported laborers.

Which of the following prominent American leaders was least enthusiastic about U.S. imperialistic adventures in the 1890s?

Grover Cleveland

Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani was forced from power in 1893 because

she opposed annexation to the United States and insisted that native Hawaiians should continue to control Hawaii.

The actual purpose of the battleship Maine's visit to Cuba was to

protect and evacuate American citizens from the island.

The Teller Amendment

guaranteed that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was ousted.

President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly because

the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it.

The Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection against both Spanish rule and the later United States occupation was

Emilio Aguinaldo

The most successful American military action during the Spanish-American War was largely due to

effective use of the new steel navy.

The greatest loss of life for American fighting men during the Spanish-American War resulted from

sickness in both Cuba and the United States.

All of the following became possessions of the United States under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris with Spain except

Hawaii.

American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines especially stressed

their economic potential for American businessmen seeking trade with China and other Asian nations.

Anti-imperialists presented all of the following arguments against acquiring the Philippine Islands except that

the islands were still rightfully Spain's, since they were taken after the armistice had been signed.

Starting in 1917, many Puerto Ricans came to the mainland United States seeking

employment.

On the question of whether American laws applied to the overseas territory acquired in the Spanish-American War, the Supreme Court ruled in the Insular Cases that

the American Constitution and laws did not apply to U.S. colonies.

The American war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting Philippine independence

resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides.

Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they

feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans.

America's initial Open Door policy was essentially an argument to promote

free trade in China.

China's Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to

throw out or kill all foreigners.

Construction of an isthmian canal across Central America was motivated mainly by

a desire to improve defense by allowing rapid naval movements between two oceans.

Theodore Roosevelt strongly encouraged the Panamanians to revolt against Columbia because

the Columbian senate had rejected the American offer to buy a canal route across Panama.

The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was specifically designed to

justify U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries.

The United States' frequent intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries in the early twentieth century

was a "Bad Neighbor" policy that left a legacy of ill will and distrust of the United States throughout Latin America.

The primary diplomatic result of Roosevelt's diplomatic ending of the Russo-Japanese War was that

both Japan and Russia became increasingly hostile to the United States.

Historians have argued that race and gender were important in Roosevelt's and other's justifications for imperialism because these imperialists

perceived other nations as at the bottom of a strict racial hierarchy. regarded blacks as primitive and Anglo-Saxons as civilized. claimed American society had lost touch with manly virtues. saw the nation as becoming soft and feminine since the frontier closed.