The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was
the railroad network.
All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except
immigration restrictions.
One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was
elimination of as much competition as possible.
During the age of industrialization, the South
remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except
new educational requirements for jobs.
Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor
corporations.
The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly argued that these men
built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.
The United States changed to standard time zones when
the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.
Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial employment of women in the late nineteenth century were the
typewriter and the telephone.
Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration
combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company.
Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest," like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, argued that
the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.
Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills as
the only steady jobs and wages available.
The most effective and enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the
American Federation of Labor.
Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called
pools.
Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?
Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock.
In the election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant
owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.
New York's notoriously corrupt Boss Tweed was finally jailed under the pressure of
New York Times articles and the cartoons of Thomas Nast.
A major cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was
the expansion of more factories, railroads and mines than existing markets would bear.
The major problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on
the two sets of election returns submitted by Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana.
The Compromise of 1877 resulted in
the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the south.
In the 1896 case of Plessy v Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that
"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.
At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African Americans using
lynching. literacy tests. economic intimidation. poll taxes.
Public executions and lynchings of black men in the Jim Crow South were
designed to intimidate African Americans to accept second-class status.
In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress
passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America.
Despite his status as a military hero, General Ulysses S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader because he
had no political experience and was a poor judge of character.
The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was the
availability of industrial jobs.
The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880
were culturally different from previous immigrants.
The two immigrant ethnic groups who were most harshly treated in the mid to late nineteenth century were the
Irish and Chinese
While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective in the new urban environment because
they were more effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments.
In the 1890s, white collar positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for
native-born Americans.
Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except
opposed to factory labor.
The American Protective Association
supported immigrant restrictions.
The religious denomination that was most positively engaged with the New Immigration was
Roman Catholics.
The intellectual development that seriously disturbed the churches in the late nineteenth century was the
biology of Charles Darwin.
As a leader of the African American community, Booker T. Washington
promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation.
The success of the public schools is best evidenced by
the falling illiteracy rate to just over 10 percent by 1900.
Settlement houses, such as Hull House, engaged in all of the following activities except
evangelical religious instruction.
The Morrill Act of 1862
granted public lands to states to support higher education.
Black leader, Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois
demanded complete equality for African Americans.
The two late-nineteenth-century newspaper publishers whose competition for circulation fueled the rise of sensationalistic yellow journalism were
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.
American newspapers expanded their circulation and public attention by
printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal.
All of these were factors that increasingly made cities more attractive than farms for young adults except
the lower cost of living.
One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was
large department stores.
Most New Immigrants
tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America.
By the late nineteenth century, most Old Immigrant groups from Northern and Western Europe
were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods.
Besides serving immigrants and the poor in urban neighborhoods, settlement workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley
actively lobbied for social reforms like anti-sweatshop laws and child labor laws.
The new, research-oriented modern American university tended to
de-emphasize religious and moral instruction in favor of practical subjects and professional specialization.
Booker T. Washington believed the key to political and civil rights for African Americans was
economic independence and education.
In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women
became much more common.
The growing prohibition movement especially reflected the concerns of
middle class women.
Which of the following sports was not developed in the decades following the Civil War?
Baseball
One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the
stresses of urban life.
In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military after the Civil War,
there was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides.
In the election of 1896, the major issue became
free and unlimited coinage of silver.
The first major farmers' organization was the
National Grange.
In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods_________, and the price received for these goods __________.
increased; decreased
The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender
by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.
In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible, Americans were disturbed because
the idea of the endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning.
Sooners were settlers who "jumped the gun" in order to
claim land in Oklahoma before the territory was legally opened to settlement.
The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the
Battle of Wounded Knee.
One major problem with the Homestead Act was that
160 acres were inadequate for farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains.
The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian
assimilation.
A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authored by
Helen Hunt Jackson
Which of these is NOT a true statement about women on the frontier?
Frontier women got the right to vote much later than women in the East.
The root cause of the American farmers' problems after 1880 was
low prices and deflated currency..
Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they
were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic.
The Farmers' Alliance was especially weakened by
its inability to overcome racial divisions in the South.
During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because
the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.
Jacob Coxey and his army marched on Washington, D.C., to
demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program.
The depression of the 1890's and episodes like the Pullman Strike made the election of 1896 shape up as a
battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives.
Mark Hanna, the Ohio Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of the federal government was to
provide aid to big business.
For farm men and women, Granges were a godsend because
the picnics, concerts, and lectures they offered helped ease their isolation.
In his book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, the Reverend Josiah Strong advocated American expansion to
spread American religion and values to backward nations.
A major factor in the shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late nineteenth century was the
need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production.
Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that
control of the sea was the key to world domination.
The near-war between the United States and Britain over the Venezuela boundary crisis ultimately resulted in
a growing diplomatic reconciliation between the two English-speaking countries.
One reason that the white sugar lords tried to overthrow native Hawaiian rule and annex the islands to the United States was they
feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported laborers.
Which of the following prominent American leaders was least enthusiastic about U.S. imperialistic adventures in the 1890s?
Grover Cleveland
Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani was forced from power in 1893 because
she opposed annexation to the United States and insisted that native Hawaiians should continue to control Hawaii.
The actual purpose of the battleship Maine's visit to Cuba was to
protect and evacuate American citizens from the island.
The Teller Amendment
guaranteed that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was ousted.
President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly because
the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it.
The Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection against both Spanish rule and the later United States occupation was
Emilio Aguinaldo
The most successful American military action during the Spanish-American War was largely due to
effective use of the new steel navy.
The greatest loss of life for American fighting men during the Spanish-American War resulted from
sickness in both Cuba and the United States.
All of the following became possessions of the United States under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris with Spain except
Hawaii.
American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines especially stressed
their economic potential for American businessmen seeking trade with China and other Asian nations.
Anti-imperialists presented all of the following arguments against acquiring the Philippine Islands except that
the islands were still rightfully Spain's, since they were taken after the armistice had been signed.
Starting in 1917, many Puerto Ricans came to the mainland United States seeking
employment.
On the question of whether American laws applied to the overseas territory acquired in the Spanish-American War, the Supreme Court ruled in the Insular Cases that
the American Constitution and laws did not apply to U.S. colonies.
The American war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting Philippine independence
resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides.
Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they
feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans.
America's initial Open Door policy was essentially an argument to promote
free trade in China.
China's Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to
throw out or kill all foreigners.
Construction of an isthmian canal across Central America was motivated mainly by
a desire to improve defense by allowing rapid naval movements between two oceans.
Theodore Roosevelt strongly encouraged the Panamanians to revolt against Columbia because
the Columbian senate had rejected the American offer to buy a canal route across Panama.
The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was specifically designed to
justify U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries.
The United States' frequent intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries in the early twentieth century
was a "Bad Neighbor" policy that left a legacy of ill will and distrust of the United States throughout Latin America.
The primary diplomatic result of Roosevelt's diplomatic ending of the Russo-Japanese War was that
both Japan and Russia became increasingly hostile to the United States.
Historians have argued that race and gender were important in Roosevelt's and other's justifications for imperialism because these imperialists
perceived other nations as at the bottom of a strict racial hierarchy. regarded blacks as primitive and Anglo-Saxons as civilized. claimed American society had lost touch with manly virtues. saw the nation as becoming soft and feminine since the frontier closed.