front 1 Circulation in simple organsims | back 1 Diffusion |
front 2 Circulation in larger organism | back 2 More complex systems of folded tissue |
front 3 Gastrovascular cavity | back 3 Digest and transport substances |
front 4 Cnidaria GVC | back 4 2 cells enclose GVC jellies= more complex GVC |
front 5 flatworms GVC | back 5 large surface area to volume ratio |
front 6 Components of circulatory system | back 6 Circulatory fluid: blood/ hemolymph tube: vessels muscular pump: heart |
front 7 Open circulatory systems | back 7 Insects, arthropods, molluscs blood bathes organs blood and interstitial fluid mixed |
front 8 Closed circulatory system | back 8 Blood confined in vessels and distinct from interstitial fluid more efficient transport in large organisms |
front 9 Blood plasma | back 9 92% water nutrients wastes hormones ions and trace minerals proteins |
front 10 Blood proteins | back 10 Albumin, a and b globulins, fibrinogen |
front 11 Erythrocytes | back 11 red blood cells mature cells no nuclei in mammals |
front 12 Hematrocrit | back 12 Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells |
front 13 Hemoglobin | back 13 Vertebrates binds to O2 for transport |
front 14 Hemoglobin structure | back 14 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta) 1 heme+central atom for O2 bonding |
front 15 Hemoglobin bonding to O2 | back 15 Oxyhemoglobin releases O2 as it passes through capillary deoxyhemoglobin (retains some O2) |
front 16 Factors effecting hemoglobin oxygen affinity | back 16 pH and temperature drop in pH lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 shifts dissociation O2 unbinds |
front 17 Leukocytes | back 17 white blood cells 1% of blood cells big nuecleated can leave capillaries and into tissue |
front 18 Granular leukocytes | back 18 Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
front 19 Agranular leukocytes | back 19 Lymphocytes and monocytes |
front 20 blood cell development | back 20 from pluripotent stem cells in marrow 2 types: lymphoid and myeloid |
front 21 Lymphoid | back 21 lyphocytes |
front 22 myeloid | back 22 all other blood cells other than lymphocytes |
front 23 Hematopoiesis | back 23 Blood cell formation |
front 24 Erythropoiesis | back 24 Production of red blood cells stimulated by erythropoietin |
front 25 Branches of arteries | back 25 Arterioles |
front 26 Branches of viens | back 26 Venules |
front 27 capillary/capillary beds | back 27 chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid thin walls to slow the flow of absorption endothelium for gas exchange |
front 28 Single circulation | back 28 2 chambered heart blood passes through 2 capillary beds before returning to heart bony and cartilaginous fish |
front 29 Double circulation | back 29 Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate amphibians, reptiles, and mammals |
front 30 Artery and vein composition | back 30 Endothelium, smooth muscles, and connective tissue |
front 31 Drives blood flow back to heart | back 31 Vein muscle action |
front 32 Diastole | back 32 Low pressure relaxation of hear |
front 33 Systole | back 33 High pressure contraction |
front 34 Fick's law | back 34 Rate of diffusion increases when surface area and pressure difference increase when distance decreases |
front 35 Fick's equation variables | back 35 R= rate of diffusion D= diffusion constant A= area (delta)p= pressure difference d=distance of diffusion |
front 36 Lamellae | back 36 thin membranous plates project into water flow water flows past lamellae in one direction only |
front 37 countercurrent | back 37 blood flows opposite direction of water movement maximize oxygenation of blood increase (delta)p |
front 38 gills | back 38 most efficient respiratory organ |
front 39 amphibians respiration | back 39 cutaneous respiration positive pressure |
front 40 terrestrial arthropod respiration | back 40 Trachea and tracheoles |
front 41 mammal respiration | back 41 negative pressure |
front 42 birds | back 42 multiple air sacs improve efficiency air moves in a single direction over lung surfaces |
front 43 tracheoles | back 43 direct contact with cells |
front 44 spiracles | back 44 opening in the exoskeleton can be opened or closed by valves |
front 45 positive pressure | back 45 air is forced into the lungs exhalation is completed by elastic response of lungs |
front 46 negative pressure | back 46 diaphragm contracts and intercostal muscles expand chest |
front 47 mammal lungs | back 47 alveoli and surrounding capillaries larynx>epiglottis>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles |
front 48 partial pressure | back 48 % of gas in dry air at sea level gas exchange driven by difference in partial pressure |
front 49 Deoxygenated blood partial pressure | back 49 40 mm Hg |
front 50 Oxygenated blood partial pressure | back 50 100 mm Hg |
front 51 alveoli partial pressure | back 51 105 mm Hg |
front 52 Visceral plueural membrane | back 52 Covers lungs |
front 53 Parietal plueral membrane | back 53 Line thoracic cavity |
front 54 Pleural cavity | back 54 Between parietal and visceral pleural fluid filled |
front 55 Respiratory pigments | back 55 Proteins that transport oxygen increase amount of oxygen that blood can carry |
front 56 Hemocyanin | back 56 Respiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen-binding component hemolymph of arthropods and many molluscs blueish |
front 57 CO2 movement | back 57 via plasma, hemoglobin, or bicarbonate 20% moved by hemoglobin diffuse into blood |
front 58 Sensory receptors | back 58 Detect stimuli |
front 59 Motor effectors | back 59 Respond to stimuli |
front 60 Nervous system links | back 60 Motor and sensory via neurons and support cells |
front 61 CNS | back 61 brain and spinal process information |
front 62 PNS | back 62 all tissue outside CNW sensory and motor neurons relays information to body somatic and autonomic |
front 63 Somatic | back 63 voluntary skeletal muscles |
front 64 Autonomic | back 64 Involuntary smooth, cardiac, and glands sympathetic and parasympathetic |
front 65 Vertebrate neuron types | back 65 sensory motor interneurons |
front 66 Sensory neuron | back 66 afferent neurons carry impulses to CNS |
front 67 Motor neurons | back 67 efferent neurons carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) |
front 68 Interneurons | back 68 Association neurons provide more complex reflexes and learning/memory |
front 69 Neuroglia | back 69 Cells that support and protect neurons |
front 70 White matter | back 70 Myelinated axons |
front 71 Grey matter | back 71 Dendrites and cell body |
front 72 Negative pole | back 72 Cytoplasmic side (inside cell) |
front 73 Positive Pole | back 73 Extracellular side (outside) |
front 74 Resting cell potential | back 74 -70mV (-40--90) |
front 75 Sodium Potassium Pump | back 75 2 K+ in for every 3 Na+ out |
front 76 Ion leakage channel | back 76 Allow more K+ to diffuse out than Na+ to diffuse in |
front 77 Equilibrium potential | back 77 Balance between diffusional force and electrical force |
front 78 Action potential | back 78 depolarization reaches the threshold potential (-55 mV) |
front 79 Depolarization | back 79 bring a neuron closer to the threshold activation makes inside of cell more positive |
front 80 Hyperpolarization | back 80 Move the neuron further from the threshold inactivation makes inside more negative |
front 81 Cause of polarization (de and hypre) | back 81 caused by voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels |
front 82 Phases of action potential | back 82 rising, falling, and undershoot |
front 83 Action potential interaction | back 83 separate non-additive do not interfere with each other intensity determined by frequency, not amplitude |
front 84 Producing agent potential | back 84 reverses voltage (depolarization) |
front 85 Depolarization steps | back 85 Na+ flows in making inside more positive next region depolarizes while previous region hyper polarizes snd returns to threshold membrane potential |
front 86 Signal direction | back 86 away from cell body |
front 87 Increasing speed of signal | back 87 Larger axon more myelin |
front 88 Larger axon diameter | back 88 Less resistance to current found primarily in invertebrates |
front 89 More Myelin | back 89 acti`on potential is only produced at the nodes of Ranvier Impulse jumps from node to node saltatory conduction |
front 90 Salltatory conduction | back 90 The jumping of action potentials from node to node of myelinated axons faster |
front 91 Synapse | back 91 intercellular junctions with the other neurons, with muscle cells, or with endocrine or exocrine cells |
front 92 Presynaptic cells | back 92 Sends signal |
front 93 Post synaptic cell | back 93 cell receiving the signal |
front 94 electrical synapse | back 94 Electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via a gap junction rare in vertebrates |
front 95 chemical synapse cell structure | back 95 synaptic cleft between the two cells end of presynaptic cell contains synaptic vesicles packed with neurotransmitters |
front 96 Synaptic cleft | back 96 Gap between presynaptic and post synaptic cells |
front 97 Chemical synapse steps | back 97 Action potentional triggers influx of Ca2+ synaptic vesicles fuse with cell membrane Neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis and diffuse to other side of cleft to fuse to gated receptor protein produce graded potential in postsynaptic cell membrane neurotransmitters stopped when cell uses up enzymes |
front 98 Acetylcholine | back 98 Connects neuron to muscle fiber binds to receptors in post synaptic membrane opens gated channels produces excitatory postsynaptic potential stimulates muscle contraction |
front 99 Achetylocholinestrerase | back 99 Enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine at synapse relaxes muscle |
front 100 Glutamate | back 100 Excitatory neutransmitter in vertebrate CNS amino acid |
front 101 Glycine and GABA | back 101 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) produces hyper-polarization back to threshold opens ligand channels for Cl- main acid |
front 102 Epinephrine/noepinephrine (bigoenic amine) | back 102 fight or flight response adrenaline |
front 103 Dopamine (biogenic amine) | back 103 Control movement in nervous system paracrine messengar vasodilator |
front 104 Serotonin (biogenic amine) | back 104 sleep |
front 105 Substance p (neuropeptides) | back 105 released by sensory neurons from painful stimuli |
front 106 Pain intensity | back 106 depends on enkephalins and endorphines |
front 107 nitric oxide (neuropeptides) | back 107 Arginine gas smooth muscle relaxant |
front 108 2 ways to reach thershold voltage | back 108 spatial summation temporal summation |
front 109 Spatial summation | back 109 Many different dendrites produce ESPSs |
front 110 Temporal summation | back 110 Single dendrite produces ESPSs |
front 111 Excitatory postsynaptic potential (ESPS) | back 111 When sodium channels open in response to stimulus |
front 112 Hormones | back 112 Chem signals slow long response regulatory |
front 113 Exagenous chemicals | back 113 endocrine disruptors |
front 114 Hormone path | back 114 Chemical binds to receptor protein in or on cell |
front 115 local regulator | back 115 effect close cells via diffusion blood pressure, nervous function, reproduction paracrine and autocrine |
front 116 Paracrine | back 116 Act on close cells |
front 117 Autocrine | back 117 Act upon itself |
front 118 Synaptic communication | back 118 cell to cell |
front 119 Neuroendocrine | back 119 Neurotransmitters act as hormone in blood |
front 120 Pheromones | back 120 Chemical signals that communication information to other organisms |
front 121 Hormone classes | back 121 Polypeptides amines steroids |
front 122 polypeptides | back 122 Proteins peptides |
front 123 Amines | back 123 Animo acid derivatives |
front 124 steroids | back 124 lipids |
front 125 Lipophilic hormones | back 125 Move through cell membrane love lipid tails |
front 126 Hydrophilic hormones | back 126 Can't pass through membrane |
front 127 Solubility of hormones determines | back 127 if the receptor is on the inside or outside of membrane |
front 128 Lipihilic travel | back 128 Diffuse through membranes must bind to transport proteins to move through blood |
front 129 Hydrophilic travel | back 129 receptors on outside of target cell or use transport protein to pass through membrane secreted by exocytosis transported in blood |
front 130 Water soluble path | back 130 hormone bind to receptor triggers signal transduction path cytoplasm responds enzyme activates/gene changes |
front 131 lipid path | back 131 Changes gene expression enter targe cells and bind to protein receptors in cytoplasm/nucleus |
front 132 Vitamin D | back 132 formed in skin moved to liver converted to physiological active form |
front 133 Vitamin D function | back 133 Calcium and phosphate in the blood Cell proliferation and apoptosis Neuromuscular function |
front 134 Adrenal medulla | back 134 Epinephrine and noepinephrine |
front 135 Adrenal cortex | back 135 secretes glucocorticoids and aldosterone |
front 136 Hormone regulated by _____ feedback | back 136 negative |
front 137 Pancreas | back 137 clusters of endocrine cells: pancreatic islets glucagon and insulin (antagonistic) |
front 138 Alpha cells in pancreas | back 138 Produce glucagon |
front 139 Beta cells in pancreas | back 139 Produce insulin |
front 140 Insulin | back 140 Reduce glucose by produce uptake of glucose slow breakdown of glycogen promote fat storage |
front 141 Type 1 diabetes | back 141 Autoimmune-damage to beta cells insulin dependent |
front 142 Type 2 diabetes | back 142 Non-insulin dependent insulin deficiency/reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors |
front 143 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | back 143 reabsorption of water by kidneys |
front 144 Insect hormones | back 144 Influence molting and metamorphosis |
front 145 Brain hormone | back 145 Spurs production of ecdysone to shed |
front 146 Corpora allata | back 146 Produces juvenile hormone low levels spur metamorphosis |
front 147 Renal medulla | back 147 epinephrine |
front 148 Renal cortex | back 148 Norepinephrine |
front 149 Mediation of fight or flight | back 149 Triggers the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood increase oxygen deliver to body cells direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles, and way from skin, digestive system, and kindeys triggered by hypothalamus |
front 150 Extracellular digestion | back 150 Digestion that takes place outside the cell all eumetoazoa |
front 151 Intracellular digestion | back 151 Digest in vacuoles endocytosis: cells engulf food non eumetazoa |
front 152 4 classes of nutrients | back 152 essential amino acid essential fatty acid vitamins minerals |
front 153 amino acid | back 153 20 in humans 1/2 synthesizable |
front 154 fatty acids | back 154 mostly synthesizable only unsaturated fatty acids are essential rare deficiencies |
front 155 Vitamins | back 155 organic trace amounts needed 13 essentials fatty vs water soluble |
front 156 toxicity of water soluble vitamins | back 156 peed out |
front 157 toxicity of fat soluble vitamins | back 157 stored in fat and liver toxic effects |
front 158 minerals | back 158 inorganic needed in small amounts |
front 159 Digestion | back 159 breaking down food into absorpable molecules |
front 160 chemical digestion | back 160 enzymatic hydrolysis/spitting of molecules with water |
front 161 absorption | back 161 uptake of nutrients by body cells small intestine |
front 162 Elimination | back 162 passage of undigested material out of the digestive system rectum/anus |
front 163 oral path | back 163 mechanical processing salivary glands lubricate and expose to amylase to breakdown glucose tongue shapes bolus throat/pharynx join esophagus and trachea |
front 164 peristalsis | back 164 muscle contraction that keep food moving along |
front 165 sphincters | back 165 valves that regulate movement of material between compartments |
front 166 stomach | back 166 gastric juice converts food into acid chyme stores food |
front 167 gastric juice | back 167 hydrochloric acid and pepsin digest protein mucus protect stomach lining |
front 168 parietal cell | back 168 secretes hydrochloric acid and chloride |
front 169 chief cells | back 169 secrete inactive pepsinogen combines with HCl in stomach to activate into pepsin |
front 170 pancreas (GI) | back 170 produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin |
front 171 Trupsin and chymotrypsin | back 171 protein-digesting enzymes that are activated after entering the duodenum |
front 172 bile | back 172 made in the liver stored in gall bladder aids in digestion/absorption of fats in stomach |
front 173 small intestine | back 173 longest section of alimentary canal digestion and absorption longer in herbivores epithelium, smooth, and connective tissues |
front 174 Cecum | back 174 fermentation of plant material appendix |
front 175 Carbs digestied in | back 175 oral cavity and lumen/ epithelium of small intestine |
front 176 proteins digested in | back 176 stomach and lumen/epithelium of small intestine |
front 177 fat digested in | back 177 lumen of small intestine |
front 178 Innate immunity | back 178 all animals no previous exposure: born with it few receptors detect many microbes |
front 179 Adaptive/Acquired immunity | back 179 Only vertebrates many receptors for specific pathogen |
front 180 Innate immunity INvertebrates | back 180 exoskeleton hemocytes antimicrobrial peptides |
front 181 Hemocytes | back 181 produce antimicrobial peptide production that break down membranes |
front 182 Antimicrobial peptides | back 182 Recognition proteins bind to molecules on cell walls of fungi/bacteria activates the toll protein on immune response cells signal transduction causes the synthesis of antimicrobial proteins |
front 183 Vertebrates innate immunity | back 183 Barrier defenses phagocytosis antimicrobial peptides inflammatory response and natural killer cells |
front 184 barrier defense in vertebrates | back 184 skin: blocks many pathogens mucus: traps pathogens saliva/tears: lysozome |