LIFE 103 Unit 4 Flashcards

Diffusion

More complex systems of folded tissue

Digest and transport substances

2 cells enclose GVC

jellies= more complex GVC

large surface area to volume ratio

Circulatory fluid: blood/ hemolymph

tube: vessels

muscular pump: heart

Insects, arthropods, molluscs

blood bathes organs

blood and interstitial fluid mixed

Blood confined in vessels and distinct from interstitial fluid

more efficient transport in large organisms

92% water

nutrients

wastes

hormones

ions and trace minerals

proteins

Albumin, a and b globulins, fibrinogen

red blood cells

mature cells no nuclei in mammals

Percentage of blood volume

occupied by red blood cells

Vertebrates

binds to O2 for transport

4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)

1 heme+central atom for O2 bonding

Oxyhemoglobin

releases O2 as it passes through capillary

deoxyhemoglobin (retains some O2)

pH and temperature

drop in pH lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

shifts dissociation

O2 unbinds

white blood cells

1% of blood cells

big

nuecleated

can leave capillaries and into tissue

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Lymphocytes and monocytes

from pluripotent stem cells in marrow

2 types: lymphoid and myeloid

lyphocytes

all other blood cells other than lymphocytes

Blood cell formation

Production of red blood cells stimulated by erythropoietin

Arterioles

Venules

chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

thin walls to slow the flow of absorption

endothelium for gas exchange

2 chambered heart

blood passes through 2 capillary beds before returning to heart bony and cartilaginous fish

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

Endothelium, smooth muscles, and connective tissue

Vein muscle action

Low pressure

relaxation of hear

High pressure

contraction

Rate of diffusion increases when surface area and pressure difference increase

when distance decreases

R= rate of diffusion

D= diffusion constant

A= area

(delta)p= pressure difference

d=distance of diffusion

thin membranous plates

project into water flow

water flows past lamellae in one direction only

blood flows opposite direction of water movement

maximize oxygenation of blood

increase (delta)p

most efficient respiratory organ

cutaneous respiration

positive pressure

Trachea and tracheoles

negative pressure

multiple air sacs improve efficiency

air moves in a single direction over lung surfaces

direct contact with cells

opening in the exoskeleton

can be opened or closed by valves

air is forced into the lungs

exhalation is completed by elastic response of lungs

diaphragm contracts and intercostal muscles expand chest

alveoli and surrounding capillaries

larynx>epiglottis>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles

% of gas in dry air at sea level

gas exchange driven by difference in partial pressure

40 mm Hg

100 mm Hg

105 mm Hg

Covers lungs

Line thoracic cavity

Between parietal and visceral pleural

fluid filled

Proteins that transport oxygen

increase amount of oxygen that blood can carry

Respiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen-binding component

hemolymph of arthropods and many molluscs

blueish

via plasma, hemoglobin, or bicarbonate

20% moved by hemoglobin

diffuse into blood

Detect stimuli

Respond to stimuli

Motor and sensory via neurons and support cells

brain and spinal process information

all tissue outside CNW

sensory and motor neurons

relays information to body

somatic and autonomic

voluntary

skeletal muscles

Involuntary

smooth, cardiac, and glands

sympathetic and parasympathetic

sensory

motor

interneurons

afferent neurons carry impulses to CNS

efferent neurons carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

Association neurons provide more complex reflexes and learning/memory

Cells that support and protect neurons

Myelinated axons

Dendrites and cell body

Cytoplasmic side (inside cell)

Extracellular side (outside)

-70mV

(-40--90)

2 K+ in for every 3 Na+ out

Allow more K+ to diffuse out than Na+ to diffuse in

Balance between diffusional force and electrical force

depolarization reaches the threshold potential (-55 mV)

bring a neuron closer to the threshold

activation

makes inside of cell more positive

Move the neuron further from the threshold

inactivation

makes inside more negative

caused by voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels

rising, falling, and undershoot

separate

non-additive

do not interfere with each other

intensity determined by frequency, not amplitude

reverses voltage (depolarization)

Na+ flows in making inside more positive

next region depolarizes while previous region hyper polarizes snd returns to threshold membrane potential

away from cell body

Larger axon

more myelin

Less resistance to current

found primarily in invertebrates

acti`on potential is only produced at the nodes of Ranvier

Impulse jumps from node to node

saltatory conduction

The jumping of action potentials from node to node of myelinated axons

faster

intercellular junctions with the other neurons, with muscle cells, or with endocrine or exocrine cells

Sends signal

cell receiving the signal

Electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via a gap junction

rare in vertebrates

synaptic cleft between the two cells end of presynaptic cell contains synaptic vesicles packed with neurotransmitters

Gap between presynaptic and post synaptic cells

Action potentional triggers influx of Ca2+

synaptic vesicles fuse with cell membrane

Neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis and diffuse to other side of cleft to fuse to gated receptor protein

produce graded potential in postsynaptic cell membrane

neurotransmitters stopped when cell uses up enzymes

Connects neuron to muscle fiber

binds to receptors in post synaptic membrane

opens gated channels

produces excitatory postsynaptic potential

stimulates muscle contraction

Enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine at synapse

relaxes muscle

Excitatory neutransmitter in vertebrate CNS

amino acid

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

produces hyper-polarization back to threshold

opens ligand channels for Cl-

main acid

fight or flight response

adrenaline

Control movement in nervous system

paracrine messengar

vasodilator

sleep

released by sensory neurons from painful stimuli

depends on enkephalins and endorphines

Arginine gas

smooth muscle relaxant

spatial summation

temporal summation

Many different dendrites produce ESPSs

Single dendrite produces ESPSs

When sodium channels open in response to stimulus

Chem signals

slow long response

regulatory

endocrine disruptors

Chemical binds to receptor protein in or on cell

effect close cells via diffusion

blood pressure, nervous function, reproduction

paracrine and autocrine

Act on close cells

Act upon itself

cell to cell

Neurotransmitters act as hormone in blood

Chemical signals that communication information to other organisms

Polypeptides

amines

steroids

Proteins

peptides

Animo acid derivatives

lipids

Move through cell membrane

love lipid tails

Can't pass through membrane

if the receptor is on the inside or outside of membrane

Diffuse through membranes must bind to transport proteins to move through blood

receptors on outside of target cell or use transport protein to pass through membrane

secreted by exocytosis

transported in blood

hormone bind to receptor

triggers signal transduction path

cytoplasm responds

enzyme activates/gene changes

Changes gene expression

enter targe cells and bind to protein receptors in cytoplasm/nucleus

formed in skin

moved to liver

converted to physiological active form

Calcium and phosphate in the blood

Cell proliferation and apoptosis

Neuromuscular function

Epinephrine and noepinephrine

secretes glucocorticoids and aldosterone

negative

clusters of endocrine

cells: pancreatic islets

glucagon and insulin (antagonistic)

Produce glucagon

Produce insulin

Reduce glucose by

produce uptake of glucose

slow breakdown of glycogen

promote fat storage

Autoimmune-damage to beta cells

insulin dependent

Non-insulin dependent

insulin deficiency/reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

reabsorption of water by kidneys

Influence molting and metamorphosis

Spurs production of ecdysone to shed

Produces juvenile hormone

low levels spur metamorphosis

epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Triggers the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood

increase oxygen deliver to body cells

direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles, and way from skin, digestive system, and kindeys

triggered by hypothalamus

Digestion that takes place outside the cell

all eumetoazoa

Digest in vacuoles

endocytosis: cells engulf food

non eumetazoa

essential amino acid

essential fatty acid

vitamins

minerals

20 in humans

1/2 synthesizable

mostly synthesizable

only unsaturated fatty acids are essential

rare deficiencies

organic

trace amounts needed

13 essentials

fatty vs water soluble

peed out

stored in fat and liver

toxic effects

inorganic

needed in small amounts

breaking down food into absorpable molecules

enzymatic hydrolysis/spitting of molecules with water

uptake of nutrients by body cells small intestine

passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

rectum/anus

mechanical processing

salivary glands lubricate and expose to amylase to breakdown glucose

tongue shapes bolus

throat/pharynx join esophagus and trachea

muscle contraction that keep food moving along

valves that regulate movement of material between compartments

gastric juice converts food into acid chyme

stores food

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

digest protein

mucus protect stomach lining

secretes hydrochloric acid and chloride

secrete inactive pepsinogen

combines with HCl in stomach to activate into pepsin

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin

protein-digesting enzymes that are activated after entering the duodenum

made in the liver

stored in gall bladder

aids in digestion/absorption of fats in stomach

longest section of alimentary canal

digestion and absorption

longer in herbivores

epithelium, smooth, and connective tissues

fermentation of plant material

appendix

oral cavity and lumen/ epithelium of small intestine

stomach and lumen/epithelium of small intestine

lumen of small intestine

all animals

no previous exposure: born with it

few receptors detect many microbes

Only vertebrates

many receptors for specific pathogen

exoskeleton

hemocytes

antimicrobrial peptides

produce antimicrobial peptide

production that break down membranes

Recognition proteins bind to molecules on cell walls of fungi/bacteria

activates the toll protein on immune response cells

signal transduction causes the synthesis of antimicrobial proteins

Barrier defenses

phagocytosis

antimicrobial peptides

inflammatory response and natural killer cells

skin: blocks many pathogens

mucus: traps pathogens

saliva/tears: lysozome