front 1 independent variable | back 1 a variable (often denoted by x) whose variation does not depend on that of another; aka the experimental condition |
front 2 dependent variable | back 2 a variable (often denoted by y) whose value depends on that of another. Also called response variable; aka what is being measured |
front 3 pH scale | back 3 measures how acidic or basic a solution is; ranges from 0 to 14 |
front 4 acidic (pH scale) | back 4 any pH value below 7; a substance that releases or causes the release of hydrogen ions (H+) into a solution |
front 5 base (pH scale) | back 5 any pH value above 7; a substances that removes H+ from a solution |
front 6 Red Cabbage Indicator | back 6 made of anthocyanins; is a pH indicator - the color of the cabbage extract depends on the Ph of the solution |
front 7 Quiz: Interpreting results for Red Cabbage Indicator match pH w/ color acidic to basic | back 7 pH 2 = red pH 4 = pink pH 6 = purple pH 7 = violet pH 8 = blue pH 10 = grey/green pH 12 = green |
front 8 Anthocyanins | back 8 are pigments responsible for red, blue, and purple colors in flowers, fruits, and autumn leaves. These pigments will change when the pH changes |
front 9 Phenol Red indicator | back 9 demonstrates the acidity of hydrochloric acid and the alkalinity of sodium hydroxide; is an indicator dye |
front 10 Quiz: interpreting results for Phenol Red 1. Red = 2. pink = 3. Yellow = | back 10 1. Red = neutral; 2. pink = basic; 3. yellow = acidic |
front 11 buffer | back 11 is a solution whose pH resists change on addition of small amounts of either an acid or a base; can either by a weak acid w/ a conjugate base or a weak base w/ a conjugate acid |
front 12 buffering capacity | back 12 is the amount of a strong acid or base that has to be added to 1 liter of buffer to a cause a PH change of 1.0 pH unit |
front 13 positive control | back 13 contains the variable for which you are testing; it will react positively and demonstrate the test's ability to detect what you expect |
front 14 negative control | back 14 does not contain the variable for which you are testing; generally contains just the solvent and does not react in the test Ex: distilled water w/o solute |
front 15 Benedict's test | back 15 identifies reducing sugar based on their ability to reduce the cupric (Cu2+) ions to cuprous oxide at basic (high) pH - cupric oxide is green to reddish orange |
front 16 Quiz: interpreting results for Benedict's test 1. green solution 2. reddish organe 3. no color-change | back 16 1. a green solution indicates a small amount of reducing sugar 2. reddish orange indicates an abidance of reducing sugars 3. non-reducing sugars produce n change in color |
front 17 Iodine test | back 17 distinguishes starch from monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other polysaccharides |
front 18 Quiz: interpreting results for Iodine test 1. bluish black 2. yellowish brown 3. presence of glycogen | back 18 1. positive test! iodine reacts w/ the starch (child polymer of glucose) and becomes bluish black 2. negative test! iodine does not react w/ carbohydrates that are not coiled and remains yellowish brown 3. glycogen has a slightly different structure than does starch and produces only an intermediate color change |
front 19 Biuret Test | back 19 a peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid; the reagent is a 1% solution of copper sulfate - the peptide bond can be identified by this test |
front 20 Quiz: interpreting results for Biuret test 1. presence of peptide bonds 2. no peptide bonds | back 20 1. positive result! Peptide bonds (C-N bonds) in protein complex w/ Cu2+ in biuret reagent and produce a violet color (the intensity of the violet color correlates w/ the amount of peptide bonds present in the test solution) 2. a negative test for proteins is indicated by no color change |
front 21 Test for Lipids | back 21 based on a lipid's solubility characteristics in polar solvents, and their ability to produce translucent grease-marks on unglazed paper |
front 22 Quiz: interpreting results for Lipid Test 1. liquid at room temperature 2. solid at room temperature | back 22 1. unsaturated fatty acids aka oils; contains double bonds 2. saturated fatty acids; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized |
front 23 Amoeba | back 23 are eukaryotes and single-celled animals that catch food and move about by extending fingerlike projections of protoplasm; can either be free-living in damp environments or parasitic |
front 24 Blepharisma | back 24 are unicellular ports that are ciliated and found in fresh and salt water |
front 25 Trichonympha | back 25 are single-celled protists that are flagellated and commonly found in the gut of termites |
front 26 selectively permeable | back 26 a cell membrane that allows only certain items such as water to pass freely through; regulates the movement of other solutes |
front 27 diffusion | back 27 can be fedinef as the movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached |
front 28 osmosis | back 28 is the movement of a solvent across a selectively permeable membrane from a low solute contraction to a region of high solute concentration |
front 29 hypotonic | back 29 more solutes inside, so water comes in - preferred condition of plants (normal) - animal cells would burst (lysed) |
front 30 isotonic | back 30 both sides of the membrane have the same amount of solutes, so no change; solutions are in equilibrium - good for animal cells - plants cells are flacid |
front 31 hypertonic | back 31 more solutes outside, so water goes out - animals cells are shriveled - plants cells are plasmolyzed |
front 32 cofactors | back 32 nonprotein substances, bind to the active site on the enzyme and are essential for the enzyme to work |
front 33 cellobiase | back 33 an enzyme that breaks down cellulose to glucose by biding the substrate cellobiose to cellobiase to produce glucose molecules |
front 34 photosynthesis | back 34 process only used by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria; captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical compounds that every organisms uses to power its metabolism (also a source of oxygen necessary for many living organisms) |
front 35 photoautotrophs | back 35 organisms that use light to make their own food; include plants, algae, and cyanobacteria |
front 36 heterotrophs | back 36 rely on the sugars produced by photosynthetic organisms for their energy needs include animals, fungi, and most bacteria |
front 37 equation for photosynthesis | back 37 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy --- C6H12O6 + 602 |
front 38 spectrophotmeter | back 38 can differentiate which wavelengths of light a substance can absorb; measure transmitted light and compute from it the absorption |
front 39 chromatography | back 39 used to separate pigments based on their polarity - carotenoid is the least polar (was not on the paper at all) - chlorophyll b was the most polar (was the most prevalent on the paper) |
front 40 chlorophyll | back 40 reflect green light waves; found inside the chloroplast; contributes to photosynthesis; may break down in the fall (absorbs red and blue) |
front 41 anthocyaanin | back 41 reflect red or purple light waves; is produced when chlorophyll starts to break down in the fall |
front 42 carotenoid | back 42 reflect orange light waves; present in plant cells, but usually overpowered by green chlorophyll; become visible/turn leaves orange when chlorophlll breaks down in the fall (absorbed blue and green) |
front 43 xanthophtyll | back 43 reflect yellow light waves; present in plant cells, but usually overpowered by green chlorophyl; become visible/turn leaves yellow when chlorophlll breaks down in the fall |
front 44 Mitosis | back 44 somatic cells only; produces 2 identical daughter cells; NO crossing over; only 1 cycle |
front 45 meiosis | back 45 gametes only; produces 4 different daughter cells; crossing over for variation; 2 cycles |
front 46 incomplete dominance | back 46 the condition in heterozygote individuals where their phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes |
front 47 law of independent assortment | back 47 genes do not influence each other w/ regards to sorting out alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur |
front 48 law of segregation | back 48 paired unit factors (genes) segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting any combination of factors |
front 49 phenotype | back 49 the physical expression of the genes possessed by an organism |
front 50 genotype | back 50 a listing of the genes of an organism, whether or not the genes are expressed |