front 1 Land plant groups | back 1 Mosses worts ferns seedplants |
front 2 Plant timeline | back 2 1. Cyanobacteria 2. green algae 3. fern/vascular plants 4. seed plants |
front 3 Phylogeny | back 3 charophytes to land plants bryophytes to worts/mosses euphyllophytes to seed plants/ferns |
front 4 Charophytes | back 4 Most closely related to land plants |
front 5 Land adaptations | back 5 Sprorphollenin stomata cuticle secondary compounds |
front 6 Benefits of moving on land | back 6 Unfiltered sunlight higher CO2 fewer herbivores and pathogens nutrient rich soils |
front 7 Challenges of moving onto land | back 7 Scarcity of water Lack of structural support |
front 8 4 traits of land plants | back 8 Alternation of generations (multicellular, dependent embryos) walled spores in sporangia Multicellular gametangia apical meristems/linear growth from root and shoot tips |
front 9 Cuticle | back 9 Waxy coating on leaf to prevent dessication |
front 10 Secondary compounds | back 10 Metabolites used for defense |
front 11 Non-vascular plant traits | back 11 No circulation (nutrient or water) smooth leaaves small |
front 12 Non-vascular plant froups | back 12 Liverworts, hornworts, mosses, bryophytes, |
front 13 Vacular plants | back 13 Veiny larger seedless and seed-bearing |
front 14 Gametophyte | back 14 1n produce gametes by mitosis |
front 15 Sporophytes | back 15 2n multicellular formed by gamete fusion produced haploid spores by meiosis in sporangia |
front 16 Spore production | back 16 Sporophyte sporocytes (2n mother spores) undergo meiosis in sporangia produce 4 haploid spores |
front 17 Gamete production | back 17 Gametophyte SPores fivide in mitosis into gametes gametes fuse into diploid zygotes |
front 18 Embryophytes | back 18 Embryo stays attached to female gaemtophyte nutrients transferred from parent via placental transfer cells |
front 19 Gametangia | back 19 Produvr gametes |
front 20 Archagonia | back 20 Female gametangia egg production fertilization site |
front 21 Antheridia | back 21 Male gametangia sperm production/release |
front 22 bryophyte reproduction | back 22 dominant gametophyte generation sporophytes grow out of archegonia simplest sporophyte |
front 23 Bryophyte/sprophyte structures | back 23 Foot seta/stalk sporangium/capsule stomata in hornworts and moss sporphyte |
front 24 bryophyte sporangium/capsule discharge | back 24 From peristome |
front 25 Peat | back 25 Partially decayed plant matter found in bogs |
front 26 Hornworts | back 26 Nonvascular phylum anthocerophyta long sledner sporophytes (horns) |
front 27 Seedless land plants | back 27 Vascular larger flagellated sperm (need wet environment) dominant sporophyte generation lycophytes pterophytes/monilophytes |
front 28 5 traits of seedplants | back 28 reduced gametophyte heterosporous ovules pollen seed |
front 29 fern gametophytes | back 29 hermaphroditic free living |
front 30 Vascularity | back 30 Fluid/nutrient transport |
front 31 Xylem | back 31 Conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids strengthen by ligin |
front 32 Phloem | back 32 Consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
front 33 Lignin | back 33 Makes cell walls rigid aids water-conducting cells |
front 34 Roots | back 34 Anchor absorbs water and nutrients from the soil |
front 35 Leaves | back 35 Increase surface area capturing more solar energy used for photosynthesis |
front 36 Microphylls | back 36 Leaves with a single vein from sporangia |
front 37 Megaphylls | back 37 Leaves with a highly branched vascular systrm webbing between veins |
front 38 True roots | back 38 Tap and tuberous roots |
front 39 Tap roots | back 39 large vertically growing roots |
front 40 Tuberous roots | back 40 Modified lateral roots for storage |
front 41 Modified stems | back 41 Corm rhizomes tuebr |
front 42 Sporophylls | back 42 Modified leaves with sporangia |
front 43 Sori | back 43 Clusters of sporangia underside of sporphyll |
front 44 Strobili | back 44 Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls |
front 45 Homospores | back 45 Songle spores mature into hermaphroditic gametophyte most seedless plants |
front 46 Heterosporous | back 46 Sexed spores that give rise to either male or female gametangia all seed plants |
front 47 Megaspores | back 47 Develop into female gametophytes |
front 48 Microspores | back 48 Developed into male gametophytles |
front 49 Phylum Lycophyta | back 49 Club mosses, spike mosses, and quilworts |
front 50 Phylum pterophyta or monilophyta | back 50 Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns |
front 51 Ferns | back 51 Angiosperms |
front 52 Gymnosperms | back 52 seeds with protective coating reduced gametophytes dominant sporophyte generation heterosporous ovules pollen producing |
front 53 Gymnosperm ovules | back 53 female structure with egg |
front 54 Dioecious | back 54 Having male nd female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals |
front 55 Gymnosperm pollen | back 55 Male gametophyte |
front 56 Seedplant gametophyte | back 56 Inside spores spores are inside sporophyte |
front 57 Megasporangia | back 57 2n tissue produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes where haploid megaspore is formed (meiosis) |
front 58 Microsporangia | back 58 2n tissue produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes where haploid microspores are formed (meiosis) |
front 59 Ovule | back 59 Megasporangium megaspore protective integuments |
front 60 Protective integuments in gynospores vs angiospores | back 60 Gymno: 1 angio: 2 |
front 61 Megaspore gymnosperms | back 61 Haploid cell that grows into female gametophyte, including the egg nucleus |
front 62 Microspore gymnosperms | back 62 Develop into male gametophyte/pollen |
front 63 Pollen gymnosperms | back 63 Contains male gametophyte within the tough pollen wall |
front 64 Gymnosperm fertilization | back 64 Pollen released into the air pollen grain reaches ovule and germinates pollen tube grows, digesting through megasporangium pollen tube reaches egg nucleus discharges sperm nucleus into egg nucleus of female gametophytes |
front 65 Pollination | back 65 Transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules |
front 66 Benefits of pollen | back 66 Eliminates the need for a film of water dispersed great distances by air or animals |
front 67 Benefits of seeds | back 67 Whole ovule sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply packaged in a protective coat dormancy until good conditions transported long distances by wind or animals |
front 68 Gymnosperm phyla | back 68 cycadophyta ginkgophyta gnetophyta vonferphyta |
front 69 Cycadophyta (cycads) | back 69 Cones Palmlike few species |
front 70 Ginkophyta | back 70 1 species ginkgo bilboba pollution tolerant studied for memory benefits |
front 71 Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) | back 71 3 genera: 1. gnetum 2. welwitschia 3. ephedra many leaves |
front 72 Coniferophyta | back 72 Largest phylum year round photosythesis |
front 73 Angiosperms | back 73 Single phylum anthophyta seed plants flowers fruits |
front 74 Flowers | back 74 Sexual reproduction diverse shapes linked to pollinator house gametophyte modified stems with modified leaves |
front 75 Flowers arranged in | back 75 Whorls |
front 76 Outer whorl | back 76 Sepal |
front 77 2nd whord | back 77 Petal |
front 78 3rd whorl | back 78 stamens (androecium) |
front 79 inner whorl | back 79 Gynoecium consists of one or more carpels houses gsmetophyte |
front 80 Carpel | back 80 Ovary style stiga female gametophyte/embryo sac |
front 81 Where in the carpel is the embryo sac | back 81 In ovule in ovary at base of stigma |
front 82 Embryo division | back 82 Daughter nuclei divide to produce 8 haploid nuclei (2 groups of 4) 2 nuclei (1 from each group) migrate towards center function as polar nuclei- may fuse |
front 83 What cell becomes the egg | back 83 closest to the micropyle (opening on ovule) |
front 84 2 extra nuclei | back 84 synergids |
front 85 3 non polar cells left | back 85 antipodals no function later break down |
front 86 Integument | back 86 forms seed coat |
front 87 embryo sac | back 87 7 cells 8 1n nuclei |
front 88 stamen | back 88 male modified sporophyll |
front 89 anther | back 89 microsporangium pollen sacs |
front 90 Complete flower | back 90 a flower that has all four modified leaves sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels |
front 91 incomplete flower | back 91 A flower that lacks one or more of the four modified leaves |
front 92 Perfect flower | back 92 Has both male/female reproductive parts |
front 93 Monoecious | back 93 Male and female flowers on one plant |
front 94 dioicous | back 94 plant/sporophyte produces either male or female gametophyte separate |
front 95 Selfing plants | back 95 Perfect flowers can theoretically self pollinate |
front 96 Preventing selfing | back 96 Gametophytic self incompatibility heterostyly sporophytic self incompatability |
front 97 Gametophytic self incompatability | back 97 Proteins prevent pollen tube from growing |
front 98 Heterostyly | back 98 Stamens and carpels are of different lengths |
front 99 Sporophytic self incompatibility | back 99 Prevents self pollination pollen and stigma recognize each other as being genetically related, and the pollen tube growth is blocked |
front 100 Angiosperm pollination | back 100 Pollen lands on stigma germinates tube grows to ovary tube enters through microphyle double fertilization occurs |
front 101 Double fertilization | back 101 Pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into gametophyte in ovule 1 sperm fertilizes egg other sperm fuses into the gametophyte call and spurs endosperm production |
front 102 double fertilization products | back 102 sperm+gametophyte=2n zygote/new sporophyte sperm+polar nuclei= 3n endosperm |
front 103 Cotyledons | back 103 seed leaves |
front 104 Hypogeal cotyledons | back 104 Stay below ground do not photosynthesize often used for storage |
front 105 Epigeal cotyledons | back 105 Grow in germination push off seed shell photosynthesizing above ground |
front 106 fruit | back 106 mature ovary protect and disperse seeds |
front 107 Fruit types | back 107 simple dry fleshy aggregate multiple |
front 108 Dry fruits | back 108 achene legume samara nut fibrous drupes |
front 109 drupes | back 109 enclosed hard endocarp fleshy exocarp and mesocarp stone fruits |
front 110 samaras | back 110 small dry seeds wings |
front 111 nut | back 111 simple dry fruit seed enclosed in a hard shell |
front 112 legumes | back 112 split carpel seeds attach to edges dry at maturity |
front 113 True berries | back 113 Fleshy thin skin seeds inside ovary |
front 114 Aggregrate fruit | back 114 Mutiple ovaries from one flower |
front 115 Multiple fruits | back 115 develop from a group of flowers called an inflorescence |
front 116 fruit dispersal | back 116 eaten carried on coats cached by herbivores wind/water |
front 117 Monocot | back 117 1 cotyledon petals in 3s parallel veins scattered vasc tissue fibrous root pollen grain w/opening |
front 118 eudicot | back 118 true dicots 2 cotelydon larger group netlike veins rings of vasc tissue main tap roots 3 openings in pollen petals in 4-5s |
front 119 bilateral symmetry | back 119 left and right halves that mirror each other more species specialty prevents gene flow |
front 120 radial symmetry | back 120 aymmetry about a central acis less specialized pollination |
front 121 3 organs of plants | back 121 roots leaves stems |
front 122 root function | back 122 anchorage absorption of water and minerals storage |
front 123 types of roots | back 123 taproot adventitious roots fibrous root |
front 124 taproots | back 124 1 vertical root small lateral roots |
front 125 water uptake occurs in | back 125 root hairs due to more surface area |
front 126 adventitious roots | back 126 arise from stems/leaves above ground grow out and down from stems |
front 127 fibrous roots | back 127 no main root thin lateral roots monocots and seedless vascular plants |
front 128 modified roots | back 128 propelling roots strangling roots pneumatophores buttress roots storage roots haustorial roots climbing root |
front 129 Propelling roots | back 129 aerial roots support |
front 130 strangling roots | back 130 grow around objects supporting the plant epiphytes |
front 131 pneumatophores | back 131 roots grow up into air for O2 exchange in watery environments O2 from atmosphere |
front 132 Buttress roots | back 132 wedges support |
front 133 Storage roots | back 133 Storage tap and lateral roots |
front 134 Haustorial roots | back 134 parasitic steal water and nutrients from plant hemiparasitic or holoparasitic |
front 135 Hemiparasititc | back 135 Perform photosynthesis steal water and nutrients |
front 136 Holoparasitic | back 136 Do not photosynthesize steal sugars from host |
front 137 climbing roots | back 137 adventitous support climbing plants negatively phototropiv (ivy likes dark) |
front 138 stems | back 138 nodes internodes axillary, apical buds |
front 139 Nodes of stem | back 139 the points at which leaves are attached |
front 140 Internodes of stem | back 140 The stem segments between nodes |
front 141 Axillary buds | back 141 Can form a lateral shoot or branch |
front 142 Apical bud | back 142 Near shoot tip elongation of young shoot |
front 143 Apical dominance | back 143 Growth concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth |
front 144 Modified stems | back 144 Corm Rhizome Stolon Bulbs |
front 145 Corm stems | back 145 short underground storage |
front 146 Rhizome stems | back 146 A horizontal underground stem produces new shoots and roots |
front 147 Stolon stems | back 147 Ground level/ barely below horizontal adventitious roots produces clone at the end of the stem |
front 148 Bulb stems | back 148 Underground stems modified leaves included |
front 149 Leaves | back 149 The main photosynthetic organs of vascilar plants blade=leafs petiole=joins leaf to a node of the stem |
front 150 Leaf types | back 150 Simple compound double compound |
front 151 Simple leaves | back 151 1 petiole to continuous structre |
front 152 Compound leaves | back 152 1 petiole multiple leaflets |
front 153 double compound leaf | back 153 each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets |
front 154 Modified leaves | back 154 Bracts tendrils spines thorns storage |
front 155 bracts | back 155 Reproductive structures attracts pollinators colorful leaves (poinsettia) |
front 156 Tendrils | back 156 Climbing/attachments thigmotropic-grows to touch |
front 157 spines | back 157 defense |
front 158 Storage leaves | back 158 Store water/nutrients succulents |
front 159 Plant tissues | back 159 dermal vascular ground |
front 160 Dermal structures | back 160 epidermis (non-woody plants) cuticle periderm trichomes |
front 161 Periderm | back 161 Woody plants protection replaces old epidermis |
front 162 Trichomes | back 162 Outgrowths from shoots hairlike insect defense-keeps bugs away from flesh |
front 163 Vascular | back 163 long distance transport between roots and shoots xylem and phloem |
front 164 Stele | back 164 Vascular tissue of a stem or root in vascular bundles Vascular cylinder in angiosperms |
front 165 Ground Tissue | back 165 Not dermal or vascular photosynthesis, metabolism, storage, and support parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenechyma |
front 166 Pith | back 166 Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue |
front 167 Cortex | back 167 Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue |
front 168 Plant cell types | back 168 Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Water-conducting cells Sugar-conducting cells |
front 169 Parenchyma | back 169 Thin-walled living photosynthesis and storage large central vacuole no secondary cell walls least specialized differentiate throughout life cycle |
front 170 Collenchyma | back 170 Strong, uneven, flexible cell wall living support no secondary cell walls-don't restrict growth |
front 171 Sclerenchyma | back 171 Thick, rigid secondary cell wall dead at maturity sclereids and fibers |
front 172 Sclereids | back 172 Short and irregular shaped Have thick lignified secondary walls nuts/seeds |
front 173 Fibers of Sclerenchyma | back 173 Long skinny threads |
front 174 Xylem | back 174 Tracheids vessel elements |
front 175 Phloem | back 175 Sieve tube elements sieve plate |
front 176 Vessel elements | back 176 short thick water conducting dead at maturity aligned end to form vessels end walls have perforation plates |
front 177 Tracheids | back 177 Water transfer and supportive long, thin dead cells hardened with lignin |
front 178 Sieve tube elements | back 178 alive at functional maturity lack organelles/nucleus and enzymes controlled by companion cells sugar transport |
front 179 Sieve plates | back 179 Between the cells of the phloem where many gaps that allow the phloem to flow through |
front 180 Companion cells | back 180 SPecialized parenchyma cell nucleus and ribosome serves both cells perform metabolic functions for sieve tube |
front 181 Cell growth | back 181 Indetermiate growth determinate growth annuals biennials perennials |
front 182 Indetermiate growth | back 182 A plant can grow throughout its life |
front 183 determinate growth | back 183 stop growing after reaching a certain size |
front 184 Annuals | back 184 1 years life cycle |
front 185 Biennials | back 185 require two growing seasons |
front 186 Perennials | back 186 Multiple growing seasons |
front 187 Where does growth occur | back 187 Meristematic tissue |
front 188 Meristems | back 188 Perpetually embryonic tissue allow for indeterminate growth |
front 189 Apical meristems | back 189 Root and shoot tips primary growth |
front 190 Lateral meristems | back 190 Thickens roots and shoots of woody plants secondary growth vascular cambium cork cambium |