Life 103 exam 2 Flashcards

Mosses

worts

ferns

seedplants

1. Cyanobacteria

2. green algae

3. fern/vascular plants

4. seed plants

charophytes to land plants

bryophytes to worts/mosses

euphyllophytes to seed plants/ferns

Most closely related to land plants

Sprorphollenin

stomata

cuticle

secondary compounds

Unfiltered sunlight

higher CO2

fewer herbivores and pathogens

nutrient rich soils

Scarcity of water

Lack of structural support

Alternation of generations (multicellular, dependent embryos)

walled spores in sporangia

Multicellular gametangia

apical meristems/linear growth from root and shoot tips

Waxy coating on leaf to prevent dessication

Metabolites used for defense

No circulation (nutrient or water) smooth leaaves

small

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses, bryophytes,

Veiny

larger

seedless and seed-bearing

1n

produce gametes by mitosis

2n multicellular

formed by gamete fusion

produced haploid spores by meiosis in sporangia

Sporophyte

sporocytes (2n mother spores) undergo meiosis in sporangia

produce 4 haploid spores

Gametophyte

SPores fivide in mitosis into gametes

gametes fuse into diploid zygotes

Embryo stays attached to female gaemtophyte

nutrients transferred from parent via placental transfer cells

Produvr gametes

Female gametangia

egg production

fertilization site

Male gametangia

sperm production/release

dominant gametophyte generation

sporophytes grow out of archegonia

simplest sporophyte

Foot

seta/stalk

sporangium/capsule

stomata in hornworts and moss

sporphyte

From peristome

Partially decayed plant matter found in bogs

Nonvascular

phylum anthocerophyta

long sledner sporophytes (horns)

Vascular

larger

flagellated sperm (need wet environment)

dominant sporophyte generation

lycophytes

pterophytes/monilophytes

reduced gametophyte

heterosporous

ovules

pollen

seed

hermaphroditic

free living

Fluid/nutrient transport

Conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids

strengthen by ligin

Consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Makes cell walls rigid

aids water-conducting cells

Anchor

absorbs water and nutrients from the soil

Increase surface area capturing more solar energy used for photosynthesis

Leaves with a single vein from sporangia

Leaves with a highly branched vascular systrm

webbing between veins

Tap and tuberous roots

large vertically growing roots

Modified lateral roots for storage

Corm

rhizomes

tuebr

Modified leaves with sporangia

Clusters of sporangia

underside of sporphyll

Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

Songle spores mature into hermaphroditic gametophyte

most seedless plants

Sexed spores that give rise to either male or female gametangia

all seed plants

Develop into female gametophytes

Developed into male gametophytles

Club mosses, spike mosses, and quilworts

Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns

Angiosperms

seeds with protective coating

reduced gametophytes

dominant sporophyte generation

heterosporous

ovules

pollen producing

female structure with egg

Having male nd female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals

Male gametophyte

Inside spores

spores are inside sporophyte

2n tissue

produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes where haploid megaspore is formed (meiosis)

2n tissue

produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes where haploid microspores are formed (meiosis)

Megasporangium

megaspore

protective integuments

Gymno: 1

angio: 2

Haploid cell that grows into female gametophyte, including the egg nucleus

Develop into male gametophyte/pollen

Contains male gametophyte within the tough pollen wall

Pollen released into the air

pollen grain reaches ovule and germinates

pollen tube grows, digesting through megasporangium

pollen tube reaches egg nucleus

discharges sperm nucleus into egg nucleus of female gametophytes

Transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Eliminates the need for a film of water

dispersed great distances by air or animals

Whole ovule

sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply

packaged in a protective coat

dormancy until good conditions

transported long distances by wind or animals

cycadophyta

ginkgophyta

gnetophyta

vonferphyta

Cones

Palmlike

few species

1 species ginkgo bilboba

pollution tolerant

studied for memory benefits

3 genera:

1. gnetum

2. welwitschia

3. ephedra

many leaves

Largest phylum

year round photosythesis

Single phylum anthophyta

seed plants

flowers

fruits

Sexual reproduction

diverse shapes linked to pollinator

house gametophyte

modified stems with modified leaves

Whorls

Sepal

Petal

stamens (androecium)

Gynoecium

consists of one or more carpels

houses gsmetophyte

Ovary style stiga

female gametophyte/embryo sac

In ovule in ovary at base of stigma

Daughter nuclei divide to produce 8 haploid nuclei (2 groups of 4)

2 nuclei (1 from each group) migrate towards center

function as polar nuclei- may fuse

closest to the micropyle (opening on ovule)

synergids

antipodals

no function

later break down

forms seed coat

7 cells

8 1n nuclei

male

modified sporophyll

microsporangium

pollen sacs

a flower that has all four modified leaves

sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

A flower that lacks one or more of the four modified leaves

Has both male/female reproductive parts

Male and female flowers on one plant

plant/sporophyte produces either male or female gametophyte separate

Perfect flowers can theoretically self pollinate

Gametophytic self incompatibility

heterostyly

sporophytic self incompatability

Proteins prevent pollen tube from growing

Stamens and carpels are of different lengths

Prevents self pollination

pollen and stigma recognize each other as being genetically related, and the pollen tube growth is blocked

Pollen lands on stigma

germinates

tube grows to ovary

tube enters through microphyle

double fertilization occurs

Pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into gametophyte in ovule

1 sperm fertilizes egg other sperm fuses into the gametophyte call and spurs endosperm production

sperm+gametophyte=2n

zygote/new sporophyte

sperm+polar nuclei= 3n endosperm

seed leaves

Stay below ground

do not photosynthesize

often used for storage

Grow in germination

push off seed shell

photosynthesizing

above ground

mature ovary

protect and disperse seeds

simple

dry

fleshy

aggregate

multiple

achene

legume

samara

nut

fibrous drupes

enclosed hard endocarp

fleshy exocarp and mesocarp

stone fruits

small dry seeds

wings

simple dry fruit

seed enclosed in a hard shell

split carpel

seeds attach to edges

dry at maturity

Fleshy

thin skin

seeds inside ovary

Mutiple ovaries from one flower

develop from a group of flowers called an inflorescence

eaten

carried on coats

cached by herbivores

wind/water

1 cotyledon

petals in 3s

parallel veins

scattered vasc tissue

fibrous root

pollen grain w/opening

true dicots

2 cotelydon

larger group

netlike veins

rings of vasc tissue

main tap roots

3 openings in pollen

petals in 4-5s

left and right halves that mirror each other

more species

specialty prevents gene flow

aymmetry about a central acis

less specialized pollination

roots

leaves

stems

anchorage

absorption of water and minerals storage

taproot

adventitious roots

fibrous root

1 vertical root

small lateral roots

root hairs due to more surface area

arise from stems/leaves

above ground

grow out and down from stems

no main root

thin lateral roots

monocots and seedless vascular plants

propelling roots

strangling roots

pneumatophores

buttress roots

storage roots

haustorial roots

climbing root

aerial roots

support

grow around objects supporting the plant

epiphytes

roots grow up into air

for O2 exchange in watery environments O2 from atmosphere

wedges

support

Storage

tap and lateral roots

parasitic

steal water and nutrients from plant hemiparasitic or holoparasitic

Perform photosynthesis

steal water and nutrients

Do not photosynthesize

steal sugars from host

adventitous

support climbing plants

negatively phototropiv (ivy likes dark)

nodes

internodes

axillary, apical buds

the points at which leaves are attached

The stem segments between nodes

Can form a lateral shoot or branch

Near shoot tip

elongation of young shoot

Growth concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot

apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth

Corm

Rhizome

Stolon

Bulbs

short

underground

storage

A horizontal underground stem

produces new shoots and roots

Ground level/ barely below

horizontal

adventitious roots

produces clone at the end of the stem

Underground stems

modified leaves included

The main photosynthetic organs of vascilar plants

blade=leafs

petiole=joins leaf to a node of the stem

Simple

compound

double compound

1 petiole to continuous structre

1 petiole multiple leaflets

each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets

Bracts

tendrils

spines

thorns

storage

Reproductive structures

attracts pollinators

colorful leaves (poinsettia)

Climbing/attachments

thigmotropic-grows to touch

defense

Store water/nutrients

succulents

dermal

vascular

ground

epidermis (non-woody plants)

cuticle

periderm

trichomes

Woody plants

protection

replaces old epidermis

Outgrowths

from shoots

hairlike

insect defense-keeps bugs away from flesh

long distance transport between roots and shoots

xylem and phloem

Vascular tissue of a stem or root in vascular bundles

Vascular cylinder in angiosperms

Not dermal or vascular

photosynthesis, metabolism, storage, and support

parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenechyma

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

Water-conducting cells

Sugar-conducting cells

Thin-walled

living

photosynthesis and storage

large central vacuole

no secondary cell walls

least specialized

differentiate throughout life cycle

Strong, uneven, flexible cell wall

living

support

no secondary cell walls-don't restrict growth

Thick, rigid secondary cell wall

dead at maturity

sclereids and fibers

Short and irregular shaped

Have thick lignified secondary walls

nuts/seeds

Long skinny threads

Tracheids

vessel elements

Sieve tube elements

sieve plate

short thick water conducting

dead at maturity

aligned end to form vessels

end walls have perforation plates

Water transfer and supportive long, thin dead cells

hardened with lignin

alive at functional maturity

lack organelles/nucleus and enzymes

controlled by companion cells

sugar transport

Between the cells of the phloem where many gaps that allow the phloem to flow through

SPecialized parenchyma cell

nucleus and ribosome serves both cells

perform metabolic functions for sieve tube

Indetermiate growth

determinate growth

annuals

biennials

perennials

A plant can grow throughout its life

stop growing after reaching a certain size

1 years life cycle

require two growing seasons

Multiple growing seasons

Meristematic tissue

Perpetually embryonic tissue

allow for indeterminate growth

Root and shoot tips

primary growth

Thickens roots and shoots of woody plants

secondary growth

vascular cambium

cork cambium