front 1 Science is observing ___ and identifying ___ through models | back 1 Patterns Mechanisms |
front 2 Mechanisms | back 2 How organisms function |
front 3 Evolution | back 3 the change in allele frequencies in a population over time |
front 4 four mechanisms of evolution | back 4 Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, selection |
front 5 Adaptions | back 5 functional traits selected for that ancestors do not possess |
front 6 Phylogeny | back 6 the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms (species level and higher) |
front 7 Phylogenetic tree | back 7 Diagram of the ancestoral relationships among species |
front 8 Phylogenetics | back 8 Describes patterns and defines when events occured |
front 9 Taxonomy | back 9 The ordered division and naming of organisms |
front 10 Linnaean system | back 10 Based on similarity 2 part name |
front 11 Binomial Nomenclature | back 11 Lists the genus and species epithet |
front 12 Genus + species epithet | back 12 = species |
front 13 Taxonomic groups | back 13 Domain Kingdom Phylum class order family genus species |
front 14 Taxon | back 14 Any particular group within a taxonomic system |
front 15 Characters | back 15 Morphological traits behavior chemical composition chromosome number DNA |
front 16 Character state | back 16 Variations of a character |
front 17 Brancg point | back 17 Divergence of 2 species |
front 18 sister taxa | back 18 Share immediate common ancestor |
front 19 Rooted tree | back 19 Includes common ancestor of all the organisms in the tree |
front 20 Polytomy | back 20 A branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge |
front 21 Monophyletic clade | back 21 Includes all descendants of a common ancestor |
front 22 paraphyletic clade | back 22 Consists of an ancestral species but not all of it descendants |
front 23 Polyphyletic clade | back 23 Does not contain the most recent common ancestor of its members |
front 24 Ecology | back 24 Living things and teir interactions with each other and their environment |
front 25 Environments | back 25 Biotic and abiotic factors |
front 26 Different types of ecology | back 26 Organismal, population, community, ecosytsem, landscape, global |
front 27 Organismal ecology | back 27 Organism-environment interaction behavioral and evolutionary |
front 28 Population ecology | back 28 The study of factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area (mathematical) |
front 29 Population | back 29 groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area |
front 30 Dispersal | back 30 Movement of individuals 1 way |
front 31 Gene flow | back 31 Individuals joining new populations |
front 32 Migration | back 32 Movement between environments 2 ways |
front 33 Community ecology | back 33 Interactions of species in a community |
front 34 community | back 34 Interacting populations of different species |
front 35 Ecolsystem ecology | back 35 Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the biotic and abiotic components |
front 36 Ecosystem | back 36 A community of organisms and the factors they interact with |
front 37 Ecological interactions | back 37 Parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, competition, symbiosis |
front 38 Parasitism | back 38 One organism feeds off another's resources without killing it (positive for one species, negative for another) |
front 39 Mutualism | back 39 Both species benefit (positive/positive) |
front 40 Commensalism | back 40 One benefits, and the other is neither harmed not benefitted (positive/neutral) |
front 41 Competition | back 41 A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource |
front 42 Symbiosis | back 42 Long close relationships can be any of the above |
front 43 Abiotic factors | back 43 Nonliving environmental components |
front 44 Chemical abiotic factors | back 44 Water, oxygen, pH, salinity, minerals, nutrients |
front 45 Physical abiotic factors | back 45 Weather: temp. moisture, soil, light Nutrients: O2 and nutrogen |
front 46 Prokaryote Domain | back 46 Archaea and bacteria flawed-non monophyletic |
front 47 Bacterial shapes | back 47 Bacili cocci spirilla |
front 48 Bacili | back 48 rods |
front 49 Cocci | back 49 Circle |
front 50 Spirilla | back 50 SPiral |
front 51 Gram positive | back 51 Thich peptidoglycan layer, purple 2 membranes-plasma and peptidogylcan |
front 52 Gram negative | back 52 Thin peptiodoglycan- pink 3 membranes- outer membranes, peptidoglycan, and plasma membrane antibiotic-resistant |
front 53 Fimbriae | back 53 Stick to substrate and form colonies or biofilms bacteria |
front 54 Flagella in prokaryotes | back 54 Helix structure flagellin used to move along a gradient |
front 55 Taxis | back 55 Movement in response to stimulus |
front 56 Plasmids | back 56 Separate rings of DNA extra functions |
front 57 Endospores | back 57 Hardy spore formed within bacteria can survive for millennia |
front 58 Exospores | back 58 External sprores less hardy |
front 59 Bacterial reproduction | back 59 Binary fission Fast replication= mutation |
front 60 Bacterial Diversity | back 60 Rapid reproduction Mutation Genetic recombination |
front 61 Bacterial Recombination | back 61 Transformation Transduction Conjugation |
front 62 Transformation | back 62 Bacteria suck up surrounding DNA know as competent |
front 63 Transduction | back 63 Bacteriophage viruses eat bacteria and then infect other bacteria errors in lytic or lysogenic cycle |
front 64 Specialized transduction | back 64 Lysogenic when virus cuts itself out of genome it takes some bacterial DNA with it |
front 65 Generalized Transduction | back 65 Lytic Virus packages bacterial DNA and transfer it in infection |
front 66 Conjugation | back 66 Sex pili connect cells |
front 67 F plasmid | back 67 DNA that produces sex pili Separate plasmid transferred through conjugation bridge Rolling circle replication |
front 68 F+ | back 68 Contains F plamsid |
front 69 F- | back 69 recipient cell for F plasmid |
front 70 Rolling circle replication | back 70 1 stand enters recipient cell |
front 71 Hfr Cell | back 71 High frequency of recombination recipient cell |
front 72 R plasmid | back 72 Resistance gene |
front 73 Bacteria Nutrition | back 73 Autotrophic heterotrophic chemotrophs phototrophs |
front 74 Obligate anerobes | back 74 Poisoned by O2 |
front 75 Obligate aerobes | back 75 Need O2 |
front 76 Facultative anaerobes | back 76 Can live with or without oxygen |
front 77 Nitrogen fixation | back 77 N2 (nitrogen) >>>> NH3 (ammonia) |
front 78 Metabolic cooperation | back 78 Bacteria work together to use resources they could not as an individual |
front 79 Proteobacteria | back 79 Characterized by DNA gram negative phylum photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs |
front 80 Alpha Proteobacteria | back 80 Subgroup of proteobacteria evolved through endosybiosis associated with eukaryotic hosts |
front 81 Gamma Proteobacteria | back 81 Subgroup of proteobacteria |
front 82 Epsilon Proteobacteria | back 82 Subgroup of proteobacteria Pathogens |
front 83 Larger part of Symbiotic relationship | back 83 Host |
front 84 Smaller part of symbiotic relationship | back 84 Symbiont |
front 85 Extremeophiles | back 85 Archaea living in extreme conditions |
front 86 Methanogens | back 86 Archaea that release methane Obligate anaerobes swamps |
front 87 Eukaryotes | back 87 Domain Single and muti-celled organisms nucleus Membrane bound organelles cytoskeleton |
front 88 Protists | back 88 Generally unicellular kingdom (invalid) Organelles More complex than bacteria and archaea Not animals plants or fungi |
front 89 Eukaryotic reproduction | back 89 Sexual or asexual meiosis |
front 90 6 subgroups of Eukaryotes | back 90 Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Opisthokonts Amoebozoa |
front 91 Excavata | back 91 Cytoskeleton Polytomy: dilpomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans |
front 92 Euglenozoans | back 92 Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella Kinetoplastids Excavata |
front 93 Alternation of generations | back 93 The alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporphyte |
front 94 Alveolata | back 94 Alveoli (vesicle stacks) under plasma membrane Chromalveolata superhylum: dinaflagellates, apicomplexa, and heterokonts |
front 95 Archaea | back 95 No nucleus Non peptidoglycan Some introns extremophiles |
front 96 Archaeplastida | back 96 Heterotrophic eukaryotes that acquired a cyanobacteria Supergrouped; red/green algae, land plants |
front 97 Archegonia | back 97 Female gametangia of plants |
front 98 Autotroph | back 98 Makes own food |
front 99 Bacteria | back 99 Unicellular prokaryotes Contains peptidoglycan |
front 100 Brown Algae | back 100 Chroalveolata-heterokont marine multicellular thallus, holdfast, stipe, blades |
front 101 Blades | back 101 Leaves on brown algae |
front 102 Charophytes | back 102 Green algae that are the closest relatives of land plants |
front 103 Chemotrophs | back 103 Obtain energy from chemicals |
front 104 Chromalveolata | back 104 Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates 2nd endosymbiosis |
front 105 Ciliates | back 105 Alveolata Move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia micro.macro nuclei, vacuole |
front 106 Clade | back 106 A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants |
front 107 Competent | back 107 Bacteria capable of transformation |
front 108 Diatoms | back 108 Chromalveolata: heterkont Photosynthetic Unicellular Double shells made of opaline silica (box and lid) |
front 109 Dinoflagellates | back 109 Chromalveolata 2 flagella-propeller aquatic internal cellulose plates red tides, bioluminescent |
front 110 Rhizaria | back 110 Radiolarians and forams Pseudopodia shells |
front 111 Green Algae | back 111 Archaeplastida Ancestor of plants clhorophytes and charophyceans damp soil and snow |
front 112 Red algae | back 112 Archaeplastidia Phycoerythrin Multicellular sea weed |
front 113 Plasmodial slime molds | back 113 Unikonts single multi nucleated celled |
front 114 Cellular slime molds | back 114 Unikonts Muticellular |
front 115 Derived character | back 115 Inherited from the most immediate common ancestor of an entire group |
front 116 Endosymbiosis | back 116 Prokaryote was engulfed by and became part of another cell |
front 117 Gametophyte | back 117 Haploid Gamete-producing phase of an organism Green and brown alfae |
front 118 Halophile | back 118 Archaea thriving ni high saline |
front 119 Heteromorphic | back 119 Alternation of generations with generation being structurally different |
front 120 Heterotrophs | back 120 Nutrients from other living organisms |
front 121 Holdfast | back 121 Rootlike structure that anchors a brown algae/seaweed |
front 122 Isomorphic | back 122 Generations that are structurally similar |
front 123 Mixotroph | back 123 Photosynthesis and heterotrophy |
front 124 Opisthokonta | back 124 Unikonts-plants and anials lularity heterotrophs no cell walls single flagellummulticel |
front 125 Phototrophs | back 125 Obtain energy from light |
front 126 Pseudopodia | back 126 Rhizaria Extension used for motility |
front 127 Secondary | back 127 Heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell |
front 128 Sex pili | back 128 Conjugation appendages that pull teo cells together |
front 129 Spore | back 129 Green algae Cellular and plasmodial slime molds A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating |
front 130 Sporophyte | back 130 Diploid Spore-producing phase of an organism green and brown algae |
front 131 Stipe | back 131 Stem of brown algae |
front 132 Thallus | back 132 Body of brown algae |
front 133 Thermophile | back 133 Heat loving archaeqa |
front 134 Thylakoid membranes | back 134 Site of light-dependent rxn |
front 135 Hyphae | back 135 Threadlike tubes bodies of multicellular fungi |
front 136 Yeast | back 136 Unicellular fungi |
front 137 Mycelia | back 137 Bundles of hyphae Absorption of nutrients |
front 138 Dikaryotic | back 138 Fungal mycelium Two haploid nuclei per cell- one from each parent |
front 139 Mycorrhizae | back 139 Relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and plant roots fungi share soil nutrients and water plants share sugars from photosynthesis |
front 140 Haustoria | back 140 Hyphae that invade living cells and secrete digestive enzymes |
front 141 Plasmogamy | back 141 Cytoplasms of two parent mycelia fuze |
front 142 Karyogamy | back 142 Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diplod nucleus |
front 143 Basidiocarp | back 143 Mycelium sexual reproduction elaborate fruiting bodies |
front 144 Human-bacteria mutualisms | back 144 Immunity digestion metabolism mineral absoprtion vitamin synthesis |
front 145 Gram stain process | back 145 Crystal violet-trapped by both cell walls iodine-iodine complex forms acetone/alcohol removes crystal violent ONLY from gram negative safranin stains gram negative pink |
front 146 Antibiotic resistance factos | back 146 Food production patient demands misuse antibiotic products lateral gene transfer capabilities (spread resistance gene) |
front 147 Major fungal clades | back 147 Microsporidia chytrids neocallimastigomycota basidiomycetes ascomycetes |
front 148 Fungal nutrition | back 148 Heterotrophic secrete enzymes and break down nutrients externally |
front 149 Diplomonads | back 149 excavata modified mitochondria parasitic |
front 150 Parabasalids | back 150 Excavata reduced mitochondria Pathogens |
front 151 Microsporidia | back 151 Obligate intracellular parasites no mitochondria no aerobic respotiory |
front 152 Chytrids | back 152 Flagellated zoospores disease thickens frogs skin |
front 153 Neocallimastigomycota | back 153 Breakdown plant matter in rumen no cristae cellulase gene |
front 154 Basidiomycetes | back 154 Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, and shelf fungi club fungi long dikaryotic mycelium stage ` |
front 155 Acomycetes | back 155 Sac fungi asci inside ascocarps asexual and sexual cycle |