Exam 1 study guide Flashcards

Patterns

Mechanisms

How organisms function

the change in allele frequencies in a population over time

Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, selection

functional traits selected for that ancestors do not possess

the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms (species level and higher)

Diagram of the ancestoral relationships among species

Describes patterns and defines when events occured

The ordered division and naming of organisms

Based on similarity

2 part name

Lists the genus and species epithet

= species

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

Any particular group within a taxonomic system

Morphological traits

behavior

chemical composition

chromosome number

DNA

Variations of a character

Divergence of 2 species

Share immediate common ancestor

Includes common ancestor of all the organisms in the tree

A branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge

Includes all descendants of a common ancestor

Consists of an ancestral species but not all of it descendants

Does not contain the most recent common ancestor of its members

Living things and teir interactions with each other and their environment

Biotic and abiotic factors

Organismal, population, community, ecosytsem, landscape, global

Organism-environment interaction behavioral and evolutionary

The study of factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area (mathematical)

groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Movement of individuals

1 way

Individuals joining new populations

Movement between environments

2 ways

Interactions of species in a community

Interacting populations of different species

Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the biotic and abiotic components

A community of organisms and the factors they interact with

Parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, competition, symbiosis

One organism feeds off another's resources without killing it (positive for one species, negative for another)

Both species benefit (positive/positive)

One benefits, and the other is neither harmed not benefitted (positive/neutral)

A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource

Long close relationships can be any of the above

Nonliving environmental components

Water, oxygen, pH, salinity, minerals, nutrients

Weather: temp. moisture, soil, light

Nutrients: O2 and nutrogen

Archaea and bacteria

flawed-non monophyletic

Bacili

cocci

spirilla

rods

Circle

SPiral

Thich peptidoglycan layer, purple

2 membranes-plasma and peptidogylcan

Thin peptiodoglycan- pink

3 membranes- outer membranes, peptidoglycan, and plasma membrane

antibiotic-resistant

Stick to substrate and form colonies or biofilms

bacteria

Helix structure

flagellin

used to move along a gradient

Movement in response to stimulus

Separate rings of DNA

extra functions

Hardy spore formed within bacteria

can survive for millennia

External sprores

less hardy

Binary fission

Fast replication= mutation

Rapid reproduction

Mutation

Genetic recombination

Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

Bacteria suck up surrounding DNA know as competent

Bacteriophage viruses eat bacteria and then infect other bacteria errors in lytic or lysogenic cycle

Lysogenic

when virus cuts itself out of genome it takes some bacterial DNA with it

Lytic

Virus packages bacterial DNA and transfer it in infection

Sex pili connect cells

DNA that produces sex pili

Separate plasmid

transferred through conjugation bridge

Rolling circle replication

Contains F plamsid

recipient cell for F plasmid

1 stand enters recipient cell

High frequency of recombination recipient cell

Resistance gene

Autotrophic

heterotrophic

chemotrophs

phototrophs

Poisoned by O2

Need O2

Can live with or without oxygen

N2 (nitrogen) >>>> NH3 (ammonia)

Bacteria work together to use resources they could not as an individual

Characterized by DNA gram negative phylum photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs

Subgroup of proteobacteria

evolved through endosybiosis

associated with eukaryotic hosts

Subgroup of proteobacteria

Subgroup of proteobacteria

Pathogens

Host

Symbiont

Archaea living in extreme conditions

Archaea that release methane

Obligate anaerobes

swamps

Domain

Single and muti-celled organisms nucleus

Membrane bound organelles

cytoskeleton

Generally unicellular kingdom

(invalid)

Organelles

More complex than bacteria and archaea

Not animals plants or fungi

Sexual or asexual

meiosis

Excavata

Chromalveolata

Rhizaria

Archaeplastida

Opisthokonts

Amoebozoa

Cytoskeleton

Polytomy: dilpomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans

Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella

Kinetoplastids

Excavata

The alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid

sporphyte

Alveoli (vesicle stacks) under plasma membrane

Chromalveolata superhylum: dinaflagellates, apicomplexa, and heterokonts

No nucleus

Non peptidoglycan

Some introns

extremophiles

Heterotrophic eukaryotes that acquired a cyanobacteria

Supergrouped; red/green algae, land plants

Female gametangia of plants

Makes own food

Unicellular prokaryotes

Contains peptidoglycan

Chroalveolata-heterokont

marine

multicellular

thallus, holdfast, stipe, blades

Leaves on brown algae

Green algae that are the closest relatives of land plants

Obtain energy from chemicals

Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

2nd endosymbiosis

Alveolata

Move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia

micro.macro nuclei, vacuole

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Bacteria capable of transformation

Chromalveolata: heterkont

Photosynthetic

Unicellular

Double shells made of opaline silica

(box and lid)

Chromalveolata

2 flagella-propeller

aquatic

internal cellulose plates

red tides, bioluminescent

Radiolarians and forams

Pseudopodia

shells

Archaeplastida

Ancestor of plants

clhorophytes and charophyceans

damp soil and snow

Archaeplastidia

Phycoerythrin

Multicellular sea weed

Unikonts

single multi nucleated celled

Unikonts

Muticellular

Inherited from the most immediate common ancestor of an entire group

Prokaryote was engulfed by and became part of another cell

Haploid

Gamete-producing phase of an organism

Green and brown alfae

Archaea thriving ni high saline

Alternation of generations with generation being structurally different

Nutrients from other living organisms

Rootlike structure that anchors a brown algae/seaweed

Generations that are structurally similar

Photosynthesis and heterotrophy

Unikonts-plants and anials

lularity

heterotrophs

no cell walls

single flagellummulticel

Obtain energy from light

Rhizaria

Extension used for motility

Heterotrophic eukaryotic cell

engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell

Conjugation

appendages that pull teo cells together

Green algae

Cellular and plasmodial slime molds

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating

Diploid

Spore-producing phase of an organism

green and brown algae

Stem of brown algae

Body of brown algae

Heat loving archaeqa

Site of light-dependent rxn

Threadlike tubes

bodies of multicellular fungi

Unicellular fungi

Bundles of hyphae

Absorption of nutrients

Fungal mycelium

Two haploid nuclei per cell- one from each parent

Relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and plant roots

fungi share soil nutrients and water

plants share sugars from photosynthesis

Hyphae that invade living cells and secrete digestive enzymes

Cytoplasms of two parent mycelia fuze

Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diplod nucleus

Mycelium sexual reproduction

elaborate fruiting bodies

Immunity

digestion

metabolism

mineral absoprtion

vitamin synthesis

Crystal violet-trapped by both cell walls

iodine-iodine complex forms

acetone/alcohol removes crystal violent ONLY from gram negative

safranin stains gram negative pink

Food production

patient demands

misuse

antibiotic products

lateral gene transfer capabilities

(spread resistance gene)

Microsporidia

chytrids

neocallimastigomycota

basidiomycetes

ascomycetes

Heterotrophic

secrete enzymes and break down nutrients externally

excavata

modified mitochondria

parasitic

Excavata

reduced mitochondria

Pathogens

Obligate intracellular parasites

no mitochondria

no aerobic respotiory

Flagellated zoospores

disease thickens frogs skin

Breakdown plant matter in rumen

no cristae

cellulase gene

Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, and shelf fungi

club fungi

long dikaryotic mycelium stage `

Sac fungi

asci inside ascocarps

asexual and sexual cycle