Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in
the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge?
A) ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria
B) chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles
C) nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts
D) vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus
E) nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

E

What is the reason that a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to
the subnanometer level, as opposed to the tens of nanometers achievable for the best super-
resolution light microscope?
A) The focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer.
B) Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal.
C) Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.
D) The electron microscope has a much greater ratio of image size to real size.
E) The electron microscope cannot image whole cells at one time.

C

What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed
chromosomes during cell division?
A) standard light microscopy
B) scanning electron microscopy
C) transmission electron microscopy
D) confocal fluorescence microscopy
E) super-resolution fluorescence microscopy

A

The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-
resolution) research-grade light microscope is
A) a mitochondrion.
B) a microtubule.
C) a ribosome.
D) a microfilament.
E) a nuclear pore.

A

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
A) DNA.
B) a cell wall.
C) a plasma membrane.
D) ribosomes.
E) an endoplasmic reticulum.

E

Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?
A) limitation on the strength and integrity of the plasma membrane as cell size increases
B) the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
C) evolutionary progression in cell size; more primitive cells have smaller sizes
D) the need for sufficient surface area to support the cell's metabolic needs
E) rigid cell walls that limit cell size expansion

D

Which of the following statements concerning cells of bacteria and archaea is correct?
A) Archaea contain small membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria do not.
B) Archaea contain a membrane-bound nucleus; bacteria do not.
C) DNA is present in both archaea and bacteria.
D) DNA is present in the mitochondria of both bacteria and archaea.

C

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
A) Bacteria and Eukarya
B) Bacteria and Archaea
C) Archaea and Protista
D) Bacteria and Protista
E) Bacteria and Fungi

B

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the
following molecules?
A) lipids
B) glycogen
C) proteins
D) cellulose
E) nucleic acids

C

The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a
method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be
the most likely immediate consequence?
A) the loss of all nuclear function
B) the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division
C) a change in the shape of the nucleus
D) failure of chromosomes to carry genetic information
E) inability of the nucleus to keep out destructive chemicals

C

A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely
A) producing primarily proteins for secretion.
B) producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins.
C) constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix.
D) digesting large food particles.
E) enlarging its vacuole.

B

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
A) rough ER
B) lysosomes
C) plasmodesmata
D) Golgi vesicles
E) free cytoplasmic ribosomes

A

ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?
A) mitochondria
B) cytoplasm
C) nuclear envelope
D) Golgi apparatus
E) rough ER

E

The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the
corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is
that
A) plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells.
B) plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells.
C) plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
D) animal cells are more spherical, whereas plant cells are elongated.
E) plant cells can have lower surface-to-volume ratios than animal cells because plant cells
synthesize their own nutrients.

C

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following
structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
A) rough ER
B) smooth ER
C) Golgi apparatus
D) nuclear envelope
E) transport vesicles

B

Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from
prokaryotic cells?
A) Prokaryotes are unlikely to be able to secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane
system.
B) The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes.
C) Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the
cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
D) In prokaryotes, the ribosomes that are used for the synthesis of secreted proteins are located
outside of the cell.
E) Prokaryotes contain large pores in their plasma membrane that permit the movement of
proteins out of the cell.

C

21) Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils,
phospholipids, and steroids?
A) ribosome
B) lysosome
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondrion
E) contractile vacuole

C

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the
following statements correctly describes this polarity?
A) Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side.
B) Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one
side of the Golgi to the other.
C) Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side
of the Golgi to the other.
D) Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they
move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
E) All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

E

The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the
endomembrane system is largely determined by
A) the physical separation of most membranes from each other.
B) the transportation of membrane lipids among the endomembrane system by small membrane
vesicles.
C) the function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components.
D) the modification of the membrane components once they reach their final destination.
E) the synthesis of different lipids and proteins in each of the organelles of the endomembrane
system.

C

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of
cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic
enzymes?
A) chloroplast
B) lysosome
C) central vacuole
D) peroxisome
E) glyoxysome

B

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and
becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be
involved in this condition?
A) the endoplasmic reticulum
B) the Golgi apparatus
C) the lysosome
D) mitochondrion
E) membrane-bound ribosomes

C

Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

D

One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the
endomembrane system. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of,
or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?
A) plasma membrane
B) chloroplasts
C) mitochondria
D) nuclear envelope
E) none of these

D

Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?
A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

A

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

B

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma
membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
A) a bacterium.
B) an animal, but not a plant.
C) nearly any eukaryotic organism.
D) any multicellular organism, such as a plant or an animal.
E) any kind of organism.

C

Which type of organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
A) ribosomes
B) mitochondria
C) nuclei
D) plastids
E) none of these

D

Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?
A) It is a static structure.
B) Its structure is not derived from the ER or Golgi.
C) It has too many vesicles.
D) It is not involved in protein synthesis.
E) It is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope.

B

What types of proteins are not synthesized in the rough ER?
A) endoplasmic reticulum proteins
B) extracellular matrix proteins
C) secreted proteins
D) mitochondrial proteins
E) plasma membrane proteins

D

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

C

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?
A) glyoxysome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

C

Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates
to oxygen?
A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

E

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in
A) vacuoles.
B) chloroplasts.
C) mitochondria.
D) lysosomes.
E) nuclei.

B

In a plant cell, DNA may be found
A) only in the nucleus.
B) only in the nucleus and mitochondria.
C) only in the nucleus and chloroplasts.
D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
E) in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.

D

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of
the mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of
mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells?
A) in the cytoplasm
B) on the inner mitochondrial membrane
C) on the endoplasmic reticulum
D) on the plasma membrane
E) on the inner nuclear envelope

D

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved
A) endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell–the endosymbiont evolved into
mitochondria.
B) anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic
oxygen–the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts.
C) an endosymbiotic fungal cell that evolved into the nucleus.
D) acquisition of an endomembrane system, and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a
portion of the Golgi.

A

In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome
remove hydrogen from these molecules and
A) combine the hydrogen with water molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide.
B) use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide.
C) transfer the hydrogen to the mitochondria.
D) transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide.

D

How does the cell multiply its peroxisomes?
A) They bud off from the Golgi.
B) They are brought into the cell from the environment.
C) They are built de novo from cytosol materials.
D) They split in two after they become sufficiently large.
E) The cell synthesizes hydrogen peroxide and encloses it in a membrane.

D

Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?
A) mitochondria
B) Golgi vesicles
C) microtubules
D) centrosomes
E) peroxisomes

D

Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of
cellular structures?
A) sites of energy production in cellular respiration
B) membrane proteins
C) ribosomes
D) cytoskeletal structures
E) cellulose fibers in the cell wall

D

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?
A) microtubules and motor proteins
B) actin filaments and microtubules
C) actin filaments and ribosomes
D) centrioles and motor proteins
E) actin filaments and motor proteins

A

Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine
doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules?
A) both motile cilia and primary (nonmotile) cilia
B) centrioles only
C) both flagella and motile cilia
D) both basal bodies and primary (nonmotile) cilia
E) both centrioles and basal bodies

C