When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells,
they can achieve the finest
resolution by using a
A)
phase-contrast light microscope.
B) scanning electron
microscope.
C) transmission electronic microscope.
D)
confocal fluorescence microscope.
E) super-resolution
fluorescence microscope.
C
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is
that
A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than
electron microscopy.
B) light microscopy provides for higher
resolving power than electron microscopy.
C) light microscopy
allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.
D) light
microscopy provides higher contrast than electron microscopy.
E)
specimen preparation for light microcopy does not produce artifacts.
C
A primary objective of cell fractionation is to
A) view the
structure of cell membranes.
B) sort cells based on their size
and weight.
C) determine the size of various organelles.
D)
separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can
be determined.
E) separate lipid-soluble from water-soluble molecules.
D
In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the
primary factor that
determines whether a specific cellular
component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is
A) the
relative solubility of the component.
B) the size and weight of
the component.
C) the percentage of carbohydrates in the
component.
D) the presence or absence of nucleic acids in the
component.
E) the presence or absence of lipids in the component.
B
Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular
components will be found in
the pellet when homogenized cells are
treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge?
A)
ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria
B) chloroplasts, ribosomes,
vacuoles
C) nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts
D) vacuoles,
ribosomes, nucleus
E) nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
E
What is the reason that a modern electron microscope (TEM) can
resolve biological images to
the subnanometer level, as opposed
to the tens of nanometers achievable for the best
super-
resolution light microscope?
A) The focal length of
the electron microscope is significantly longer.
B) Contrast is
enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal.
C) Electron beams
have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.
D) The electron
microscope has a much greater ratio of image size to real
size.
E) The electron microscope cannot image whole cells at one time.
C
What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the
movements of condensed
chromosomes during cell division?
A)
standard light microscopy
B) scanning electron microscopy
C)
transmission electron microscopy
D) confocal fluorescence
microscopy
E) super-resolution fluorescence microscopy
A
The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a
standard (not super-
resolution) research-grade light microscope
is
A) a mitochondrion.
B) a microtubule.
C) a
ribosome.
D) a microfilament.
E) a nuclear pore.
A
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
A)
DNA.
B) a cell wall.
C) a plasma membrane.
D)
ribosomes.
E) an endoplasmic reticulum.
E
Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for
certain types of cells?
A) limitation on the strength and
integrity of the plasma membrane as cell size increases
B) the
difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
C) evolutionary progression in cell size; more
primitive cells have smaller sizes
D) the need for sufficient
surface area to support the cell's metabolic needs
E)
rigid cell walls that limit cell size expansion
D
Which of the following statements concerning cells of bacteria and
archaea is correct?
A) Archaea contain small membrane-enclosed
organelles; bacteria do not.
B) Archaea contain a membrane-bound
nucleus; bacteria do not.
C) DNA is present in both archaea and
bacteria.
D) DNA is present in the mitochondria of both bacteria
and archaea.
C
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains.
What are the domains?
A) Bacteria and Eukarya
B) Bacteria
and Archaea
C) Archaea and Protista
D) Bacteria and
Protista
E) Bacteria and Fungi
B
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in
producing which of the
following molecules?
A)
lipids
B) glycogen
C) proteins
D) cellulose
E)
nucleic acids
C
The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the
nuclear membrane. If a
method were found that could cause the
lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be
the
most likely immediate consequence?
A) the loss of all nuclear
function
B) the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell
division
C) a change in the shape of the nucleus
D) failure
of chromosomes to carry genetic information
E) inability of the
nucleus to keep out destructive chemicals
C
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely
A)
producing primarily proteins for secretion.
B) producing
primarily cytoplasmic proteins.
C) constructing an extensive cell
wall or extracellular matrix.
D) digesting large food
particles.
E) enlarging its vacuole.
B
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be
exported from the cell?
A) rough ER
B) lysosomes
C)
plasmodesmata
D) Golgi vesicles
E) free cytoplasmic ribosomes
A
ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic
cell?
A) mitochondria
B) cytoplasm
C) nuclear
envelope
D) Golgi apparatus
E) rough ER
E
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often
much larger than the
corresponding volume in animal cells. The
most reasonable explanation for this observation is
that
A)
plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume
ratio than animal cells.
B) plant cells have a much more highly
convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells.
C) plant
cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the
cytoplasm.
D) animal cells are more spherical, whereas plant
cells are elongated.
E) plant cells can have lower
surface-to-volume ratios than animal cells because plant
cells
synthesize their own nutrients.
C
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs.
Which of the following
structures is primarily involved in this
process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
A) rough
ER
B) smooth ER
C) Golgi apparatus
D) nuclear
envelope
E) transport vesicles
B
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of
protein secretion from
prokaryotic cells?
A) Prokaryotes are
unlikely to be able to secrete proteins because they lack an
endomembrane
system.
B) The mechanism of protein secretion
in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes.
C)
Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes
that are bound to the
cytoplasmic surface of the plasma
membrane.
D) In prokaryotes, the ribosomes that are used for the
synthesis of secreted proteins are located
outside of the
cell.
E) Prokaryotes contain large pores in their plasma membrane
that permit the movement of
proteins out of the cell.
C
21) Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the
synthesis of oils,
phospholipids, and steroids?
A)
ribosome
B) lysosome
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D)
mitochondrion
E) contractile vacuole
C
The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and
function. Which of the
following statements correctly describes
this polarity?
A) Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the
Golgi and leave from the opposite side.
B) Proteins in the
membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from
one
side of the Golgi to the other.
C) Lipids in the
membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one
side
of the Golgi to the other.
D) Soluble proteins in the
cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as
they
move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
E) All of
the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.
E
The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes
of the
endomembrane system is largely determined by
A) the
physical separation of most membranes from each other.
B) the
transportation of membrane lipids among the endomembrane system by
small membrane
vesicles.
C) the function of the Golgi
apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components.
D) the
modification of the membrane components once they reach their final
destination.
E) the synthesis of different lipids and proteins in
each of the organelles of the endomembrane
system.
C
Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general
destruction of
cellular components. In animal cells, which of the
following organelles contains these hydrolytic
enzymes?
A)
chloroplast
B) lysosome
C) central vacuole
D)
peroxisome
E) glyoxysome
B
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in
cells accumulating and
becoming clogged with very large, complex,
undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be
involved in
this condition?
A) the endoplasmic reticulum
B) the Golgi
apparatus
C) the lysosome
D) mitochondrion
E)
membrane-bound ribosomes
C
Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that
will be secreted?
A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C)
mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome
D
One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a
prokaryotic ancestor is the
endomembrane system. What eukaryotic
organelles or features might have evolved as a part of,
or as an
elaboration of, the endomembrane system?
A) plasma
membrane
B) chloroplasts
C) mitochondria
D) nuclear
envelope
E) none of these
D
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?
A)
lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi
apparatus
E) peroxisome
A
Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant
cell?
A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D)
Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome
B
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA,
ribosomes, plasma
membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell
from
A) a bacterium.
B) an animal, but not a plant.
C)
nearly any eukaryotic organism.
D) any multicellular organism,
such as a plant or an animal.
E) any kind of organism.
C
Which type of organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal
cells?
A) ribosomes
B) mitochondria
C) nuclei
D)
plastids
E) none of these
D
Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane
system?
A) It is a static structure.
B) Its structure is not
derived from the ER or Golgi.
C) It has too many
vesicles.
D) It is not involved in protein synthesis.
E) It
is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope.
B
What types of proteins are not synthesized in the rough ER?
A)
endoplasmic reticulum proteins
B) extracellular matrix
proteins
C) secreted proteins
D) mitochondrial
proteins
E) plasma membrane proteins
D
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic
cells?
A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D)
Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome
C
Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and
ribosomes?
A) glyoxysome
B) vacuole
C)
mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome
C
Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen
from various substrates
to oxygen?
A) lysosome
B)
vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome
E
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in
A)
vacuoles.
B) chloroplasts.
C) mitochondria.
D)
lysosomes.
E) nuclei.
B
In a plant cell, DNA may be found
A) only in the
nucleus.
B) only in the nucleus and mitochondria.
C) only in
the nucleus and chloroplasts.
D) in the nucleus, mitochondria,
and chloroplasts.
E) in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts,
and peroxisomes.
D
The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually
identical between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic
cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of
the
mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary
origin of
mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to
occur in prokaryotic cells?
A) in the cytoplasm
B) on the
inner mitochondrial membrane
C) on the endoplasmic
reticulum
D) on the plasma membrane
E) on the inner nuclear envelope
D
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved
A)
endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell–the
endosymbiont evolved into
mitochondria.
B) anaerobic archaea
taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape
toxic
oxygen–the anaerobic bacterium evolved into
chloroplasts.
C) an endosymbiotic fungal cell that evolved into
the nucleus.
D) acquisition of an endomembrane system, and
subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a
portion of the Golgi.
A
In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the
enzymes of the peroxisome
remove hydrogen from these molecules
and
A) combine the hydrogen with water molecules to generate
hydrogen peroxide.
B) use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen
peroxide.
C) transfer the hydrogen to the mitochondria.
D)
transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide.
D
How does the cell multiply its peroxisomes?
A) They bud off from
the Golgi.
B) They are brought into the cell from the
environment.
C) They are built de novo from cytosol
materials.
D) They split in two after they become sufficiently
large.
E) The cell synthesizes hydrogen peroxide and encloses it
in a membrane.
D
Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?
A)
mitochondria
B) Golgi vesicles
C) microtubules
D)
centrosomes
E) peroxisomes
D
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting
with what types of
cellular structures?
A) sites of energy
production in cellular respiration
B) membrane proteins
C)
ribosomes
D) cytoskeletal structures
E) cellulose fibers in
the cell wall
D
Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular
structures?
A) microtubules and motor proteins
B) actin
filaments and microtubules
C) actin filaments and
ribosomes
D) centrioles and motor proteins
E) actin
filaments and motor proteins
A
Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules,
consisting of nine
doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of
single microtubules?
A) both motile cilia and primary (nonmotile)
cilia
B) centrioles only
C) both flagella and motile
cilia
D) both basal bodies and primary (nonmotile) cilia
E)
both centrioles and basal bodies
C