front 1 Gregor Mendel | back 1 "Father of genetics", published findings in 1866 |
front 2 Gene | back 2 a genetic factor that helps determine a characteristic |
front 3 Allele | back 3 one of two or more alternate forms of a gene |
front 4 Genotype | back 4 set of alleles that an individual organism |
front 5 Phenotype | back 5 the appearance of a character |
front 6 Karyotype | back 6 a picture of all condensed chromosomes inside a cell |
front 7 Karyotyping | back 7 number and type of chromosomes present |
front 8 Autosome | back 8 non-sex chromosomes; chromosomes number 1-22 that have nothing to do with sex determination |
front 9 Barr Body | back 9 the additional X chromosome(s) that are purposefully condensed to the point that they are basically inaccessible by the cell. |
front 10 Nondisjunction | back 10 when two chromosomes are not properly separated during metaphase. |
front 11 Homogenization | back 11 where cell walls/membranes break apart and denatures proteins ex. blending Strawberrys with detergent |
front 12 Deproteinization | back 12 where histones are stripped away from DNA ex. adding meat tenderizer |
front 13 Precipitation | back 13 where DNA is made insoluble so it comes out of the solution and can be isolated |
front 14 Phosphoester Bonds | back 14 what the sugar-phosphate backbone that is held together by covelent bonds in nucleotides are called |
front 15 Denaturation of DNA | back 15 where hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases are broken apart |
front 16 Helicase | back 16 an enzyme that unzips the DNA or breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. |
front 17 Single-Strand Binding Proteins | back 17 what keeps the two strands of DNA from pairing back together |
front 18 Primase | back 18 an enzyme that lays down RNA primer |
front 19 DNA Polymerase | back 19 an enzyme that can use the template of the parent strand and the RNA primer to synthesize the new DNA strand |
front 20 Okazaki Fragments | back 20 caused by the lagging strand having to start at many places |
front 21 DNA Characteristics | back 21 - ATCG - double stranded - deoxyribose (2' carbon has H attached) |
front 22 RNA Characteristics | back 22 - AUCG - single stranded - ribose (2' OH group) |
front 23 Elongation | back 23 where 1 side of the DNA strand serves as a template, it moves from 5’ to 3’, and makes complementary mRNA |
front 24 Initiation | back 24 where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and unwinds DNA |
front 25 Termination | back 25 where transcription ends |
front 26 Coding Strand | back 26 another name for the template strand the one side of the DNA strand serves as a template |
front 27 Translation | back 27 mRNA to protein |
front 28 Codon | back 28 three consecutive nucleotides that code for one amino acid |
front 29 Degenerate | back 29 more than one codon can code for the same amino acid |
front 30 Initiation Codon | back 30 AUG is always the start codon and it codes for methionine |
front 31 Stop Codons | back 31 UGA, UAG, UAA do not code for an amino acid, but do code for termination of translation |
front 32 Trisomy 21 | back 32 Down Syndrome |
front 33 Trisomy 18 | back 33 Edwards Syndrome |
front 34 What to know about Nondisjunction of Sex Chromosomes | back 34 - if there was abnormal contribution by sperm or egg - what the genotype of the zygote would be - the expected sex assigned at birth - the name of the disorder - characteristics of that disorder. |
front 35 Process of DNA Isolation in order | back 35 1. Homogenization 2. Deproteinization 3. Precipitation |
front 36 Order of Enzymes Used in Leading Strand of DNA Replication | back 36 1. Helicase 2. Single-strand binding proteins 3. primase 4. DNA polymerase |
front 37 Centra Dogma of Molecular Biology | back 37 DNA --> RNA --> PROTEIN |
front 38 What Happens During Trascription | back 38 1. DNA cannot leave the nucleus 2. the information stored in DNA does need to leave the nucleus for cells to function 3. mRNA carries that message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (in eukaryotes) |
front 39 Process of Transcription in order | back 39 1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination |