Gregor Mendel
"Father of genetics", published findings in 1866
Gene
a genetic factor that helps determine a characteristic
Allele
one of two or more alternate forms of a gene
Genotype
set of alleles that an individual organism
Phenotype
the appearance of a character
Karyotype
a picture of all condensed chromosomes inside a cell
Karyotyping
number and type of chromosomes present
Autosome
non-sex chromosomes; chromosomes number 1-22 that have nothing to do with sex determination
Barr Body
the additional X chromosome(s) that are purposefully condensed to the point that they are basically inaccessible by the cell.
Nondisjunction
when two chromosomes are not properly separated during metaphase.
Homogenization
where cell walls/membranes break apart and denatures proteins
ex. blending Strawberrys with detergent
Deproteinization
where histones are stripped away from DNA
ex. adding meat tenderizer
Precipitation
where DNA is made insoluble so it comes out of the solution and can be isolated
Phosphoester Bonds
what the sugar-phosphate backbone that is held together by covelent bonds in nucleotides are called
Denaturation of DNA
where hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases are broken apart
Helicase
an enzyme that unzips the DNA or breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.
Single-Strand Binding Proteins
what keeps the two strands of DNA from pairing back together
Primase
an enzyme that lays down RNA primer
DNA Polymerase
an enzyme that can use the template of the parent strand and the RNA primer to synthesize the new DNA strand
Okazaki Fragments
caused by the lagging strand having to start at many places
DNA Characteristics
- ATCG
- double stranded
- deoxyribose (2' carbon has H attached)
RNA Characteristics
- AUCG
- single stranded
- ribose (2' OH group)
Elongation
where 1 side of the DNA strand serves as a template, it moves from 5’ to 3’, and makes complementary mRNA
Initiation
where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and unwinds DNA
Termination
where transcription ends
Coding Strand
another name for the template strand
the one side of the DNA strand serves as a template
Translation
mRNA to protein
Codon
three consecutive nucleotides that code for one amino acid
Degenerate
more than one codon can code for the same amino acid
Initiation Codon
AUG is always the start codon and it codes for methionine
Stop Codons
UGA, UAG, UAA do not code for an amino acid, but do code for termination of translation
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
Trisomy 18
Edwards Syndrome
What to know about Nondisjunction of Sex Chromosomes
- if there was abnormal contribution by sperm or egg
- what the genotype of the zygote would be
- the expected sex assigned at birth
- the name of the disorder
- characteristics of that disorder.
Process of DNA Isolation in order
1. Homogenization
2. Deproteinization
3. Precipitation
Order of Enzymes Used in Leading Strand of DNA Replication
1. Helicase
2. Single-strand binding proteins
3. primase
4. DNA polymerase
Centra Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA --> RNA --> PROTEIN
What Happens During Trascription
1. DNA cannot leave the nucleus
2. the information stored in DNA does need to leave the nucleus for cells to function
3. mRNA carries that message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (in eukaryotes)
Process of Transcription in order
1. initiation
2. elongation
3. termination