anaerobic mechanism

glycolysis, for making ATP

Aerobic respiration

DOES require energy

where does Aerobic respiration occur?

in mitochondria in eukaryotes, and in the plasma membrane In prokaryotes and in the cytoplasm

where does glycolysis occur?

in the cytoplasm

fermentation

a mechanism to recycle NADH in the absence of oxygen

what's the equation for respiration

C6H12O6 -- 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy

why wont glucose ever come in contact with oxygen?

glucose is at the beginning of respiration oxygen is at the end BUT they ARE both reactants

what are the 4 major steps of respiration?

glycolysis, formation or acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, respiration, ATP

is the transition step of respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

aerobic ( requires energy )

formation of acetyl CoA ( or transition step )

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is aerobic ( requires energy )

where does glycolysis occur?

in the cytoplasm where glucose is

1st step glycolysis

glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate. only GLYCOLYSIS happens in the cytoplasm

is glycolysis aerobic, or anaerobic?

anaerobic

krebs cycle. 3rd step of respiration.. ( aka citric acid cycle) ( aka tricarboxylic acid cycle) ( TCA cycle) ALL THE SAME

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and is aerobic

electron transport chain ( ETC )

occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is aerobic

( where O2 comes in)

where is ATP MOSTLY made?

the ETC in the mitochondrial membrane

where does pyruvate broken down from glucose go?

moves from cytoplasm into the mitochondria converting to

Acetyl CoA

reactant of glycolysis

glucose

product of glycolysis

pyruvate

Phase 1 of glycolysis

energy investment phase.

what happens in energy investment phase 1 of glycolysis?

the cell pays 2ATP to get the process started. the goal is to collect 36-38ATP

what happens when ATP is used

glucose is phosphorylated at the expense of 2ATP

what happens when you phosphorylate?

Glucose is called fructose 1-6 bisphosphate

Phase 2 of glycolysis

Cleavage phase. glucose has 6-carbons

what happens in cleavage phase 2 of glycolysis?

this 6-c-sugar gets cut in half forming 2, 3-c-sugars called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ( G3P )

whats formed when the 6-c-sugar in the cleavage phase of glycolysis gets cut in half ?

2, 3-c-sugars called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

(G3P)

phase 3 of glycolysis

energy liberation. The G3P gets oxidized(loses electrons) by NAD+, NAD+ gets reduced to NADH an electron carrier ( first redox reaction ), an endergonic reaction

what happens in energy liberation phase 3 of glycolysis?

The G3P gets oxidized(loses electrons) by NAD+, and NAD+ gets reduced to NADH an electron carrier ( first redox reaction ), an endergonic reaction

What else happens in energy liberation phase?

bonds of G3P get rearranged producing ATP and pyruvate.

so we have 3-c from G3P, and 3-c from Pyruvate

the product of glycolysis

2pyruvate ( a 3-c-molecule ), and 2ATP...also referred to as net ATP, and 2NADH

for every molecule of glucose ..

we get 2ATP (glycolysis is the only anaerobic process)

what enters the mitochondria as a reactant in the transition stage?

2 pyruvate molecules

what is used in reactants in cytoplasm?

2ATP

why are 4ATP not used in reactions in cytoplasm?

because it takes only 2ATP to start the process, so it takes only 2ATP to fuel the energy reaction

what happens to 2NADH that've been reduced

they move into the mitochodria and deliver e- into the ETC

out of ATP, Pyruvate, Glucose, NADH

which has the most potential energy?

Glucose

for every glu0se there are

10 NADH

formation of Acetyl CoA, step 2 of respiration is

also referred to as transition step, is in the mitochondria, and is an aerobic process

what is the reactant in the transition step of respiration

pyruvate (a 3-c-molecule)

why does the transition step happen twice?

because there '2 pyruvate

in the transition step, what does pyruvate get oxidized(reduced) by?

NAD+ reducing to form NADH.

what happens while NAD+ gets reduced to NADH in transition step of respiration?

while this is happening Co2 gets released from Pyruvate forming an acetyl group which has 2-carbons

products of transition step In respiration

2Co2, 2NADH, 2 acetyl groups,

what happens to the product acetyl group from respiration?

it can then be entered into the Krebs cycle as a reactant.

where does Krebs cycle occur?

in mitochondril matrix in eukaryotes

what is the reactant of Krebs cycle OR citric acid cycle?

6NADH, 2FADH2, 2GTP, and 4CO2

why is the product of citric acid cycle 6NADH?

there are 3 of them throughout the cycle and there's 2 acetyl groups so it goes around 2 times. 2x3=6

about NADH and FADH2

they BOTH contain high energy e-, and move to ETC

in glycolysis how many ATP are made?

2ATP

in glycolysis how many CO2 are released?

zero are released

in glycolysis how many NADH are made ?

2NADH

in glycolysis how many FADH are made?

Zero are made

in transition step how many ATP are made?

zero are made

in transition step of respiration how many CO2 are released

2CO2 are released

in transition step how many NADH are made?

2 are made

in transition step how many FADH are made?

zero are made

in Krebs cycle how many ATP are made?

2 ATP

in Krebs cycle how many CO2 are released?

4 are released

in Krebs cycle how many NADH are made ?

6 are made

in Krebs cycle how many FADH are made?

2 are made

where is NADH made?

in the Krebs cycle

how many total net ATP are made by the end of Krebs cycle?

4ATP

where does the CO2 that's released in Krebs cycle from from?

pyruvate

where does the electron transport chain happen?

In Mitochondria

if every NADH will roughly give you 3ATP and there's 10NADH at the end of the Krebs cycle, how many ATP is that?

equals 30 ATP

FADH2 e- have enough energy for 2H ions which is equivalent to

2ATP

at the end of the Krebs cycle 2FADH x 2ATP means

4ATP

why is 2FADH2 x 2ATP = yield 4ATP?

assuming 2ATP PER FADH2

how many ATP does the ETC produce all together?

30-32-34ATP

in total of the ETC, glycolysis and Krebs cycle how many ATP is produced?

38ATP

in prokaryotes, what does bacteria use to transport e-?

the cell membrane

what are the 2 types of phosphorylation?

substrate level phosphorylation, and chemiosmotic or Oxidative phosphorylation

where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?

in glycolysis and krebs cycle ... ADP + Pi = ATP ( NO ETC )

where does Oxidative(chemiosmotic) phosphorylation occur?

in the ETC when ATP is made by H+ diffusing down ATP synthase

what happens if there's NO oxygen?

the ETC stops, ATP synthase stops, complex 4 of ETC is stuck with its e- in comp 2, 3, and 1. electrons cant move, NADH cant give its e- to complex 1. NADH is stuck in reduced state because it cant give its e- to comp 1, so there's no NAD+ available in the cell.

anaerobic organism example

Krebs cycle. also cannot run w/o oxygen, or NAD+ to oxidize citrate

where does the energy to form a gradient come from?

the e- that gradient used in making ATP

why cant transition step, an aerobic step of respiration oxidize pyruvate without NAD+?

its required, so without it O2 cannot be oxidized

what does glycolysis require to oxidize G3P?

NAD+

Fermentation

mechanism used in the cytoplasm that allows Glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen by recycling NADH back to NAD+. Also produces lactic acid ( reserve energy supply...

at the end of glycolysis how many pyruvate do we have?

2pyruvate

what does pyruvate do at the end of glycolysis?

oxidizes NADH( takes e- from NADH ) giving lactate + NAD+