cellular respiration
is converting the energy stored in the bonds of glucose to ATP, meaning we oxidize our food, stripping electrons away from molecules on our food
what is the reactant of respiration?
Oxygen is the reactant
what is the product of respiration?
CO2, H2o, and energy
anaerobic respiration
does NOT require energy
anaerobic mechanism
glycolysis, for making ATP
Aerobic respiration
DOES require energy
where does Aerobic respiration occur?
in mitochondria in eukaryotes, and in the plasma membrane In prokaryotes and in the cytoplasm
where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm
fermentation
a mechanism to recycle NADH in the absence of oxygen
what's the equation for respiration
C6H12O6 -- 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy
why wont glucose ever come in contact with oxygen?
glucose is at the beginning of respiration oxygen is at the end BUT they ARE both reactants
what are the 4 major steps of respiration?
glycolysis, formation or acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
...
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, respiration, ATP
is the transition step of respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic ( requires energy )
formation of acetyl CoA ( or transition step )
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is aerobic ( requires energy )
where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm where glucose is
1st step glycolysis
glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate. only GLYCOLYSIS happens in the cytoplasm
is glycolysis aerobic, or anaerobic?
anaerobic
krebs cycle. 3rd step of respiration.. ( aka citric acid cycle) ( aka tricarboxylic acid cycle) ( TCA cycle) ALL THE SAME
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and is aerobic
electron transport chain ( ETC )
occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is aerobic
( where O2 comes in)
where is ATP MOSTLY made?
the ETC in the mitochondrial membrane
where does pyruvate broken down from glucose go?
moves from cytoplasm into the mitochondria converting to
Acetyl CoA
reactant of glycolysis
glucose
product of glycolysis
pyruvate
Phase 1 of glycolysis
energy investment phase.
what happens in energy investment phase 1 of glycolysis?
the cell pays 2ATP to get the process started. the goal is to collect 36-38ATP
what happens when ATP is used
glucose is phosphorylated at the expense of 2ATP
what happens when you phosphorylate?
Glucose is called fructose 1-6 bisphosphate
Phase 2 of glycolysis
Cleavage phase. glucose has 6-carbons
what happens in cleavage phase 2 of glycolysis?
this 6-c-sugar gets cut in half forming 2, 3-c-sugars called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ( G3P )
whats formed when the 6-c-sugar in the cleavage phase of glycolysis gets cut in half ?
2, 3-c-sugars called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
phase 3 of glycolysis
energy liberation. The G3P gets oxidized(loses electrons) by NAD+, NAD+ gets reduced to NADH an electron carrier ( first redox reaction ), an endergonic reaction
what happens in energy liberation phase 3 of glycolysis?
The G3P gets oxidized(loses electrons) by NAD+, and NAD+ gets reduced to NADH an electron carrier ( first redox reaction ), an endergonic reaction
What else happens in energy liberation phase?
bonds of G3P get rearranged producing ATP and pyruvate.
so we have 3-c from G3P, and 3-c from Pyruvate
the product of glycolysis
2pyruvate ( a 3-c-molecule ), and 2ATP...also referred to as net ATP, and 2NADH
for every molecule of glucose ..
we get 2ATP (glycolysis is the only anaerobic process)
what enters the mitochondria as a reactant in the transition stage?
2 pyruvate molecules
what is used in reactants in cytoplasm?
2ATP
why are 4ATP not used in reactions in cytoplasm?
because it takes only 2ATP to start the process, so it takes only 2ATP to fuel the energy reaction
what happens to 2NADH that've been reduced
they move into the mitochodria and deliver e- into the ETC
out of ATP, Pyruvate, Glucose, NADH
which has the most potential energy?
Glucose
for every glu0se there are
10 NADH
formation of Acetyl CoA, step 2 of respiration is
also referred to as transition step, is in the mitochondria, and is an aerobic process
what is the reactant in the transition step of respiration
pyruvate (a 3-c-molecule)
why does the transition step happen twice?
because there '2 pyruvate
in the transition step, what does pyruvate get oxidized(reduced) by?
NAD+ reducing to form NADH.
what happens while NAD+ gets reduced to NADH in transition step of respiration?
while this is happening Co2 gets released from Pyruvate forming an acetyl group which has 2-carbons
products of transition step In respiration
2Co2, 2NADH, 2 acetyl groups,
what happens to the product acetyl group from respiration?
it can then be entered into the Krebs cycle as a reactant.
where does Krebs cycle occur?
in mitochondril matrix in eukaryotes
what is the reactant of Krebs cycle OR citric acid cycle?
6NADH, 2FADH2, 2GTP, and 4CO2
why is the product of citric acid cycle 6NADH?
there are 3 of them throughout the cycle and there's 2 acetyl groups so it goes around 2 times. 2x3=6
about NADH and FADH2
they BOTH contain high energy e-, and move to ETC
in glycolysis how many ATP are made?
2ATP
in glycolysis how many CO2 are released?
zero are released
in glycolysis how many NADH are made ?
2NADH
in glycolysis how many FADH are made?
Zero are made
in transition step how many ATP are made?
zero are made
in transition step of respiration how many CO2 are released
2CO2 are released
in transition step how many NADH are made?
2 are made
in transition step how many FADH are made?
zero are made
in Krebs cycle how many ATP are made?
2 ATP
in Krebs cycle how many CO2 are released?
4 are released
in Krebs cycle how many NADH are made ?
6 are made
in Krebs cycle how many FADH are made?
2 are made
where is NADH made?
in the Krebs cycle
how many total net ATP are made by the end of Krebs cycle?
4ATP
where does the CO2 that's released in Krebs cycle from from?
pyruvate
where does the electron transport chain happen?
In Mitochondria
if every NADH will roughly give you 3ATP and there's 10NADH at the end of the Krebs cycle, how many ATP is that?
equals 30 ATP
FADH2 e- have enough energy for 2H ions which is equivalent to
2ATP
at the end of the Krebs cycle 2FADH x 2ATP means
4ATP
why is 2FADH2 x 2ATP = yield 4ATP?
assuming 2ATP PER FADH2
how many ATP does the ETC produce all together?
30-32-34ATP
in total of the ETC, glycolysis and Krebs cycle how many ATP is produced?
38ATP
in prokaryotes, what does bacteria use to transport e-?
the cell membrane
what are the 2 types of phosphorylation?
substrate level phosphorylation, and chemiosmotic or Oxidative phosphorylation
where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?
in glycolysis and krebs cycle ... ADP + Pi = ATP ( NO ETC )
where does Oxidative(chemiosmotic) phosphorylation occur?
in the ETC when ATP is made by H+ diffusing down ATP synthase
what happens if there's NO oxygen?
the ETC stops, ATP synthase stops, complex 4 of ETC is stuck with its e- in comp 2, 3, and 1. electrons cant move, NADH cant give its e- to complex 1. NADH is stuck in reduced state because it cant give its e- to comp 1, so there's no NAD+ available in the cell.
anaerobic organism example
Krebs cycle. also cannot run w/o oxygen, or NAD+ to oxidize citrate
where does the energy to form a gradient come from?
the e- that gradient used in making ATP
why cant transition step, an aerobic step of respiration oxidize pyruvate without NAD+?
its required, so without it O2 cannot be oxidized
what does glycolysis require to oxidize G3P?
NAD+
Fermentation
mechanism used in the cytoplasm that allows Glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen by recycling NADH back to NAD+. Also produces lactic acid ( reserve energy supply...
at the end of glycolysis how many pyruvate do we have?
2pyruvate
what does pyruvate do at the end of glycolysis?
oxidizes NADH( takes e- from NADH ) giving lactate + NAD+