Which is false about Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

the atrial septal defect = a hole between the atriums

the ventricular septal defect = a hole between the ventricles

dextropoistion = describes a heart on the right with an apex to the left, secondary to extracardiac causes

The ____ is a deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow.

hypomenorrhea

deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow

causes: endocrine or systemic disorders interfering with hormones, partial obstruction of menstrual flow

Which is false about the causes of primary dysmenorrhea?

primary dysmenorrhea (muscle spasms in the uterus)

due to hormonal/chemical that cause cramping pain in the lower abdomen where the uterus bleeds

this process is normally called a "period."

possible false answers: he may mix primary and secondary?

In a uterine prolapse-first degree, we observe the end of the cervix begins to protrude through the introitus. true or false

false

occurs in the third degree/stage of uterine prolapse

Which is false about Retrodisplacement of the Uterus?

It always leads to infertility

three types of displacement

retroflex = towards spine

retroverted = straight

anteverted = towards bladder

The _______ is the protrusion of a portion of the urinary bladder into a weakened part of the anterior vagina

cystocele / anterior prolapse

Which is false about Uterine Leiomyomas?

uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) = is a noncancerous growth in the uterus that can develop during a woman's childbearing years

Which is false about the clinical manifestations of endometriosis?

clinical manifestations of endometriosis list

dysmenorrhea = painful menstruation intermenstrual bleeding

dyschezia = painful defecation

dyspareunia = pain intercourse

dysuria = painful urination

Which is not a clinical manifestation of breast cancer?

no noticeable symptoms

Which is false about testicular torsion?

testicular torsion is the twisting of the cord supplying blood to the loose bag of skin (scrotum) beneath the penis causing it to swell and become

could be false: epididymitis = which is inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. which is caused by a bacterial infection

Which is false about Fournier Gangrene?

it exclusively affects women

is a rare but deadly infection of the genital and perineum

this type of enuresis, the child has nocturnal incontinence but no other signs of lower urinary tract syndrome

primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis

which is false about overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)?

it is primarily due to bacterial infection

overactive bladder syndrome = the constant contraction of the muscles within the bladder

which is false about the post-oliguric phase?

urine output decreases and solutes are retained

post-oliguric phase = consists of the diuretic phase (increase in urination) and recovery phase (return to homeostasis)

which is true about obstructive shock?

causes:

results from mechanical obstructions that prevent effective cardiac filling and stroke volume

common causes include pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, and tension pneumothorax

rapid management of underlying obstruction is required to prevent cardiovascular collapse

The primary cause of death in ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is

multi-system organ dysfunction (MODS)

sepsis syndrome

Which one is true about disseminated intravascular coagulation?

its a condition affecting the bloods ability to clot and stop bleeding

also known as consumptive coagulopathy

Which one is incorrect about heart failure?

it exclusively results from left ventricular dysfunction

systolic (contracting) = loses its ability to pump enough blood to either the lungs or body

diastolic (relaxing) = loses its ability to relax normally because the muscle has become stiff, so not enough blood is being filled in to ventricles

(heart failure most commonly occurs on the left side)

left sided = failure occurs when the heart loses its ability to pump blood

right sided = the hearts right ventricle is too weak to pump enough blood to the lungs

biventricular = both sides of the heart are affected. this can cause the same symptoms as both left-sided and right-sided heart failure, such as shortness of breath and a build-up of fluid

The ______ is a completely disorganized and irregular atrial rhythm accompanied by an irregular ventricular rhythm.

atrial fibrilation

Which one is false about the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

is a critical regulator of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance.

that decrease blood pressure by excreting sodium and water

RAAS increases blood pressure

any condition that causes RAAS to overreact can be treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers

Which of the following is not part of the category of the Myeloid neoplasm?

lists of categories

acute myeloid leukemia and related precursor neoplasms

myelodysplastic syndromes

myeloproleferative neoplasms

myelodysplastic/myeloproleferative diseases

Which is false about hodgkin's disease?

it is a precursor to T-cell lymphoma

Which is false about vascular purpura?

a raised vasculitic hemorrhage into the skin and/or mucous membranes

Which of the following coagulation factors is not dependent on Vitamin K? (select all that apply)

mycobacterium

fibrinogen

factor V

von willebrand factor

factor XIII

non-vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors

fibrinogen

factor V

von willebrand factor

factor XIII

Which is incorrect about Hypospadias?

the meatus is formed along the dorsum of the penis

hypospadias = is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis

Which is false about tricuspid atresia?

tricuspid atresia = is a birth defect (congenital) of the heart where the valve that controls blood flow from the right upper chamber of the heart to the right lower chamber of the heart doesn't form at all

which is false about tetralogy of fallot?

tetralogy of fallot = is a rare heart condition that is present at birth. that means its a congenital heart defect.

there's a hole between the ventricles

thick heart muscle on right side of the heart

narrow pulmonary artery called pulmonary stenosis

which is false about the coarctation of the aorta?

most aortic coarctations are at or below the diaphragm

coarctation of the aorta = is a birth defect in which a part of the aorta is narrower than usual

everything is correct about. lymphedema, except

the lymph system cannot create collateral vessels to repair itself, leading to inflammation

lymphedema = is swelling due to build-up of lymph fluid in the body

Which is false about Raynaud syndrome?

CP alleviate (reduce) the symptoms

Raynaud Syndrome = a condition in which some areas of the body feel numb and cool in certain circumstances

which one is false about thrombosis?

thrombosis occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries

solidification of stagnant blood

which is false about von willebrand disease?

functional vWF molecules usually occur as a monomers or dimers

von willebrand disease = a bleeding disorder caused by lowlives of clotting protein, called von willebrand factor, in the blood

______ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus

obesity

Hep B is usually transmitted by exposure to (select all that apply)

sexual contact

sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment

mother to child during birth

ulcerative colitises commonly associated with at least... what?

colorectal cancer

chronic pancreatitis may lead to ________

weight loss and occasionally diarrhea

diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from ____

decreased myoinositol transport

barret esophagus is a

condition in which tissue that is similar to the lining of your intestine replaces the tissue lining to your esophagus

which is false about gestational diabetes mellitus?

diabetes is likely to persist in the mother after she has given birth, potentially for the rest of her life

gestational diabetes mellitus = is a condition in which a hormone made by the placenta prevents the body from using insulin effectively

which is false about diabetic ketoacidosis? (select all that apply)

caused by too much insulin

diabetic ketoacidosis = a complication of diabetes in which acids build up in the blood to levels that can be life threatening

which is false about ascites?

it is primarily caused by hypothyroidism

ascites is a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen

ascites results from high pressure in certain veins of the liver (portal hypertension) and low blood levels of a protein called albumin

which ones are correct about hep B (HBV)? (select all that apply)

transmitted through blood and body fluids

can cause chronic infection

vaccine available

most people infected with HBV develop chronic infection

which ones are false about hepatitis D (delta)? select all that apply

prevention of hep d includes hand washing and the hep d vaccine

hep d is most commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route

HDV can only occur if you have HBV as HDV is an incomplete virus that requires the helper function of HBV to replicate

Which is false about Cirrhosis?

it is most often caused by diabetes

cirrhosis = is a condition in which your liver is scarred and permanently damaged

Which one is false about Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)?

The disease occurs more frequently in women

which is false about peptic ulcer?

it is caused by emotional stress and spicy food

peptic ulcer = a sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine

Which is false about antibiotic-associated colitis (pseudomembranous entercolitis)?

overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans causes necrosis of intestinal mucosa

which is false about diventricular disease?

prevalence of diventricular disease decreases as we age

diventricular disease = a condition in which small, bulging pouches develop in the digestive tract

which is false about pancreatic cancer?

the 5 year survival rate us 80%

pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the pancreas

which is not a prehepatic cause of jaundice?

prehepatic cause of jaundice = excess unconjugated bilirubin is produced faster than the liver is able to conjugate it for excretion

causes: hemolytic anemia, hemolysis, ineffective erythropoiesis

which is false about hepatic encephalopathy

hepatic encephalopathy = the loss of brain function when a damaged liver doesn't remove toxins from the blood

the following are clinical manifestations of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, except

clinical manifestations are:

patients with cirrhosis

fever

abdominal pain

altered mental status

abdominal tenderness

hypotension

which one is false about hereditary hemochromatosis (HH)?

90% of the patients will have H63D mutation

HH is a disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron from the diet

which one is not part of the etiology of Wilsons disease?

Wilsons disease = an inherited disorder that causes too much copper to accumulate in the organs

which is false about kernicterus?

kernicterus, or bilirubin encephalopathy, is a bilirubin-induced neurological damage, which is most commonly seen in infants

which is false X-linked adrenal leukodystrophy?

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) affects the nervous system and the adrenal cortex. It is a X-chromosome mutation
where ALD proteins are defective and don't allow Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) to enter the peroxisomes to break them down to smaller bits.
Defective ALD protein
4 main types of ALD (Childhood cerebral, Adulthood cerebal,
Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMD), adrenal insufficient-only type
progressive loss of white matter in Nervous system
lack of myelin
degradation of adrenal glands
lack of adrenal hormones
men will have more serious conditions than women

this is a rare autosomal recessive disorder marked by significant unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, two types exist

crigler-najjar syndrome

which is true about lgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?

lgA nephropathy (berger disease) happens when a germ-fighting protein called immunoglobulin A (lgA) builds up in the kidneys. This causes a type of swelling called inflammation that, over time, can make it harder for the kidneys to filter waste from the blood.

symptoms: bleeding in the urine

Which is incorrect for Crescentic glomerulonephritis?

Crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) = is a chronic immune mediated disease which causes severe glomerular inflammation and injury, and often leads to irreversible kidney failure.

three types of crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN)

glomerular basement membrane breaks which leaks blood cells and nutrients

affects the people between their 50s and 60s

Apoptis is a process that results in cellular

death

the _____ is the study of causes or reasons for phenomena and identifies causal factors that, acting in concert, provoke a particular disease or injury

etiology

hypotension, distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of

cardiac tamponade

it is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones

is inhibited by iodine deficiency

systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to

autoimmune mechanisms

characteristics of scoliosis include (select all that apply)

involvement of lateral curvature of the spine

increase during periods of rapid growth

identifiable by uneven shoulders or scapular prominence

possibility of leading to respiratory complications

the most common type of osteomyelitis is

hematogenous

a person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop

hypercalcemia

allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with

leg-mediated airway inflammation

chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of

increased pulmonary vascular resistance

croup is characterized by

inspiratory stridor

a harsh cough

hoarseness

varying degrees of respiratory distress

hyperaldosteronism causes

ECV excess & hypokalemia

hyperaldosteronism causes excessive renal retention of sodium and water and excessive potassium excretion, which lead to ECV excess and hypokalemia. hyperaldosteronism does not cause ECV deficit, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, or excessive water reabsorption without affecting sodium concentration

celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with

inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods

it is true that biliary cancer...

tend to be asymptomatic and progress insidiously

a low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?

iron-deficiency anemia

the megakaryocyte is a precursor to

platelets

second-degree heart block type I (wenckebach) is characterized by

a gradual prolongation of the PR interval over a few heart cycles until an atrial impulse is completely blocked, which manifests on the ECG as a P-wave not followed by a QRS complex.

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is caused by

contact with skin allergens

atopic dermatitis (eczema)=is a condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin

deep pressure ulcers usually ______

result from thrombosis of deep vessels

corticosteroids are commonly administered for the management of skin disorders because they

reduce inflammation

Manifestations of herpes zoster include _________

a dermatomal distribution of lesions and pain

symptoms prior to the rash appearing include:

fever

general weakness or pain

burning or tingling sensation over an area on one side of body or face

most common sites are chest, abdomen and waistline

impetigo is a skin infection caused by ______ba

bacteria

staphylococcus aureus

streptococcus pyogenes

scleroderma is characterized by

thickening and decreased elasticity of the skin

scleroderma is chronic hardening and lightening of the skin and connective tissues

what is the most common, benign form of skin cancer?

basal

the difference between chickenpox and measles is that chickenpox...

causes vesicles that scab, whereas measles remains a macular rash

a patient is diagnosed with CML (chronic myeloid leukemia). The patient may experience which of these symptoms? (select all that apply)

fatigue

weight loss

abdominal discomfort

sweats

during the first 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium proliferates under the influence of .... WHAT?

estrogen

From the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week, the developing organism is referred to as the

embryo

the heartbeat becomes audible through a stethoscope during which phase of fetal development?

second trimester (4 to 6)

pregnancy is associated with ... WHAT?

increased CO and blood volume (30-40%/1-2L)

A 48 year old female who is having hot flashes, tachycardia, palpitations, and sleep disturbance may be experiencing symptoms related to

perimenopause

what laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia?

pancytopenia

thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia because they are both

microcytic

which is false about acute rheumatic fever

it is rarely fatal, even when untreated

lusitropic impairment refers to

impaired diastolic relaxation

an abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of

premature ventricular complexes

beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they

reduce cardiac output