Which is false about Hiatal Hernia?
A sliding hernia is triggered by standing
Which one is false about Liquefactive necrosis?
It is most commonly associated with ischemic injury to the heart
This type of necrosis involves the complete digestion of cells and is not going to maintain the structure
Which is false about Gas gangrene?
the causative organism is aerobic
Which one is false about Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?
systolic filling/contraction
Which is false about Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
the atrial septal defect = a hole between the atriums
the ventricular septal defect = a hole between the ventricles
dextropoistion = describes a heart on the right with an apex to the left, secondary to extracardiac causes
The ____ is a deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow.
hypomenorrhea
deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow
causes: endocrine or systemic disorders interfering with hormones, partial obstruction of menstrual flow
Which is false about the causes of primary dysmenorrhea?
primary dysmenorrhea (muscle spasms in the uterus)
due to hormonal/chemical that cause cramping pain in the lower abdomen where the uterus bleeds
this process is normally called a "period."
possible false answers: he may mix primary and secondary?
In a uterine prolapse-first degree, we observe the end of the cervix begins to protrude through the introitus. true or false
false
occurs in the third degree/stage of uterine prolapse
Which is false about Retrodisplacement of the Uterus?
It always leads to infertility
three types of displacement
retroflex = towards spine
retroverted = straight
anteverted = towards bladder
The _______ is the protrusion of a portion of the urinary bladder into a weakened part of the anterior vagina
cystocele / anterior prolapse
Which is false about Uterine Leiomyomas?
uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) = is a noncancerous growth in the uterus that can develop during a woman's childbearing years
Which is false about the clinical manifestations of endometriosis?
clinical manifestations of endometriosis list
dysmenorrhea = painful menstruation intermenstrual bleeding
dyschezia = painful defecation
dyspareunia = pain intercourse
dysuria = painful urination
Which is not a clinical manifestation of breast cancer?
no noticeable symptoms
Which is false about testicular torsion?
testicular torsion is the twisting of the cord supplying blood to the loose bag of skin (scrotum) beneath the penis causing it to swell and become
could be false: epididymitis = which is inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. which is caused by a bacterial infection
Which is false about Fournier Gangrene?
it exclusively affects women
is a rare but deadly infection of the genital and perineum
this type of enuresis, the child has nocturnal incontinence but no other signs of lower urinary tract syndrome
primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis
which is false about overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)?
it is primarily due to bacterial infection
overactive bladder syndrome = the constant contraction of the muscles within the bladder
which is false about the post-oliguric phase?
urine output decreases and solutes are retained
post-oliguric phase = consists of the diuretic phase (increase in urination) and recovery phase (return to homeostasis)
which is true about obstructive shock?
causes:
results from mechanical obstructions that prevent effective cardiac filling and stroke volume
common causes include pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, and tension pneumothorax
rapid management of underlying obstruction is required to prevent cardiovascular collapse
The primary cause of death in ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is
multi-system organ dysfunction (MODS)
sepsis syndrome
Which one is true about disseminated intravascular coagulation?
its a condition affecting the bloods ability to clot and stop bleeding
also known as consumptive coagulopathy
Which one is incorrect about heart failure?
it exclusively results from left ventricular dysfunction
systolic (contracting) = loses its ability to pump enough blood to either the lungs or body
diastolic (relaxing) = loses its ability to relax normally because the muscle has become stiff, so not enough blood is being filled in to ventricles
(heart failure most commonly occurs on the left side)
left sided = failure occurs when the heart loses its ability to pump blood
right sided = the hearts right ventricle is too weak to pump enough blood to the lungs
biventricular = both sides of the heart are affected. this can cause the same symptoms as both left-sided and right-sided heart failure, such as shortness of breath and a build-up of fluid
The ______ is a completely disorganized and irregular atrial rhythm accompanied by an irregular ventricular rhythm.
atrial fibrilation
Which one is false about the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
is a critical regulator of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance.
that decrease blood pressure by excreting sodium and water
RAAS increases blood pressure
any condition that causes RAAS to overreact can be treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers
Which of the following is not part of the category of the Myeloid neoplasm?
lists of categories
acute myeloid leukemia and related precursor neoplasms
myelodysplastic syndromes
myeloproleferative neoplasms
myelodysplastic/myeloproleferative diseases
Which is false about hodgkin's disease?
it is a precursor to T-cell lymphoma
Which is false about vascular purpura?
a raised vasculitic hemorrhage into the skin and/or mucous membranes
Which of the following coagulation factors is not dependent on Vitamin K? (select all that apply)
mycobacterium
fibrinogen
factor V
von willebrand factor
factor XIII
non-vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors
fibrinogen
factor V
von willebrand factor
factor XIII
Which is incorrect about Hypospadias?
the meatus is formed along the dorsum of the penis
hypospadias = is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis
Which is false about tricuspid atresia?
tricuspid atresia = is a birth defect (congenital) of the heart where the valve that controls blood flow from the right upper chamber of the heart to the right lower chamber of the heart doesn't form at all
which is false about tetralogy of fallot?
tetralogy of fallot = is a rare heart condition that is present at birth. that means its a congenital heart defect.
there's a hole between the ventricles
thick heart muscle on right side of the heart
narrow pulmonary artery called pulmonary stenosis
which is false about the coarctation of the aorta?
most aortic coarctations are at or below the diaphragm
coarctation of the aorta = is a birth defect in which a part of the aorta is narrower than usual
everything is correct about. lymphedema, except
the lymph system cannot create collateral vessels to repair itself, leading to inflammation
lymphedema = is swelling due to build-up of lymph fluid in the body
Which is false about Raynaud syndrome?
CP alleviate (reduce) the symptoms
Raynaud Syndrome = a condition in which some areas of the body feel numb and cool in certain circumstances
which one is false about thrombosis?
thrombosis occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries
solidification of stagnant blood
which is false about von willebrand disease?
functional vWF molecules usually occur as a monomers or dimers
von willebrand disease = a bleeding disorder caused by lowlives of clotting protein, called von willebrand factor, in the blood
______ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus
obesity
Hep B is usually transmitted by exposure to (select all that apply)
sexual contact
sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment
mother to child during birth
ulcerative colitises commonly associated with at least... what?
colorectal cancer
chronic pancreatitis may lead to ________
weight loss and occasionally diarrhea
diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from ____
decreased myoinositol transport
barret esophagus is a
condition in which tissue that is similar to the lining of your intestine replaces the tissue lining to your esophagus
which is false about gestational diabetes mellitus?
diabetes is likely to persist in the mother after she has given birth, potentially for the rest of her life
gestational diabetes mellitus = is a condition in which a hormone made by the placenta prevents the body from using insulin effectively
which is false about diabetic ketoacidosis? (select all that apply)
caused by too much insulin
diabetic ketoacidosis = a complication of diabetes in which acids build up in the blood to levels that can be life threatening
which is false about ascites?
it is primarily caused by hypothyroidism
ascites is a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen
ascites results from high pressure in certain veins of the liver (portal hypertension) and low blood levels of a protein called albumin
which ones are correct about hep B (HBV)? (select all that apply)
transmitted through blood and body fluids
can cause chronic infection
vaccine available
most people infected with HBV develop chronic infection
which ones are false about hepatitis D (delta)? select all that apply
prevention of hep d includes hand washing and the hep d vaccine
hep d is most commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route
HDV can only occur if you have HBV as HDV is an incomplete virus that requires the helper function of HBV to replicate
Which is false about Cirrhosis?
it is most often caused by diabetes
cirrhosis = is a condition in which your liver is scarred and permanently damaged
Which one is false about Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)?
The disease occurs more frequently in women
which is false about peptic ulcer?
it is caused by emotional stress and spicy food
peptic ulcer = a sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine
Which is false about antibiotic-associated colitis (pseudomembranous entercolitis)?
overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans causes necrosis of intestinal mucosa
which is false about diventricular disease?
prevalence of diventricular disease decreases as we age
diventricular disease = a condition in which small, bulging pouches develop in the digestive tract
which is false about pancreatic cancer?
the 5 year survival rate us 80%
pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the pancreas
which is not a prehepatic cause of jaundice?
prehepatic cause of jaundice = excess unconjugated bilirubin is produced faster than the liver is able to conjugate it for excretion
causes: hemolytic anemia, hemolysis, ineffective erythropoiesis
which is false about hepatic encephalopathy
hepatic encephalopathy = the loss of brain function when a damaged liver doesn't remove toxins from the blood
the following are clinical manifestations of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, except
clinical manifestations are:
patients with cirrhosis
fever
abdominal pain
altered mental status
abdominal tenderness
hypotension
which one is false about hereditary hemochromatosis (HH)?
90% of the patients will have H63D mutation
HH is a disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron from the diet
which one is not part of the etiology of Wilsons disease?
Wilsons disease = an inherited disorder that causes too much copper to accumulate in the organs
which is false about kernicterus?
kernicterus, or bilirubin encephalopathy, is a bilirubin-induced neurological damage, which is most commonly seen in infants
which is false X-linked adrenal leukodystrophy?
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) affects the nervous system and
the adrenal cortex. It is a X-chromosome mutation
where ALD
proteins are defective and don't allow Very long-chain fatty acids
(VLCFAs) to enter the peroxisomes to break them down to smaller
bits.
Defective ALD protein
4 main types of ALD (Childhood
cerebral, Adulthood cerebal,
Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMD), adrenal
insufficient-only type
progressive loss of white matter in
Nervous system
lack of myelin
degradation of adrenal
glands
lack of adrenal hormones
men will have more serious
conditions than women
this is a rare autosomal recessive disorder marked by significant unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, two types exist
crigler-najjar syndrome
which is true about lgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?
lgA nephropathy (berger disease) happens when a germ-fighting protein called immunoglobulin A (lgA) builds up in the kidneys. This causes a type of swelling called inflammation that, over time, can make it harder for the kidneys to filter waste from the blood.
symptoms: bleeding in the urine
Which is incorrect for Crescentic glomerulonephritis?
Crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) = is a chronic immune mediated disease which causes severe glomerular inflammation and injury, and often leads to irreversible kidney failure.
three types of crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN)
glomerular basement membrane breaks which leaks blood cells and nutrients
affects the people between their 50s and 60s
Apoptis is a process that results in cellular
death
the _____ is the study of causes or reasons for phenomena and identifies causal factors that, acting in concert, provoke a particular disease or injury
etiology
hypotension, distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of
cardiac tamponade
it is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones
is inhibited by iodine deficiency
systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to
autoimmune mechanisms
characteristics of scoliosis include (select all that apply)
involvement of lateral curvature of the spine
increase during periods of rapid growth
identifiable by uneven shoulders or scapular prominence
possibility of leading to respiratory complications
the most common type of osteomyelitis is
hematogenous
a person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop
hypercalcemia
allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with
leg-mediated airway inflammation
chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of
increased pulmonary vascular resistance
croup is characterized by
inspiratory stridor
a harsh cough
hoarseness
varying degrees of respiratory distress
hyperaldosteronism causes
ECV excess & hypokalemia
hyperaldosteronism causes excessive renal retention of sodium and water and excessive potassium excretion, which lead to ECV excess and hypokalemia. hyperaldosteronism does not cause ECV deficit, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, or excessive water reabsorption without affecting sodium concentration
celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with
inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods
it is true that biliary cancer...
tend to be asymptomatic and progress insidiously
a low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?
iron-deficiency anemia
the megakaryocyte is a precursor to
platelets
second-degree heart block type I (wenckebach) is characterized by
a gradual prolongation of the PR interval over a few heart cycles until an atrial impulse is completely blocked, which manifests on the ECG as a P-wave not followed by a QRS complex.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is caused by
contact with skin allergens
atopic dermatitis (eczema)=is a condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin
deep pressure ulcers usually ______
result from thrombosis of deep vessels
corticosteroids are commonly administered for the management of skin disorders because they
reduce inflammation
Manifestations of herpes zoster include _________
a dermatomal distribution of lesions and pain
symptoms prior to the rash appearing include:
fever
general weakness or pain
burning or tingling sensation over an area on one side of body or face
most common sites are chest, abdomen and waistline
impetigo is a skin infection caused by ______ba
bacteria
staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus pyogenes
scleroderma is characterized by
thickening and decreased elasticity of the skin
scleroderma is chronic hardening and lightening of the skin and connective tissues
what is the most common, benign form of skin cancer?
basal
the difference between chickenpox and measles is that chickenpox...
causes vesicles that scab, whereas measles remains a macular rash
a patient is diagnosed with CML (chronic myeloid leukemia). The patient may experience which of these symptoms? (select all that apply)
fatigue
weight loss
abdominal discomfort
sweats
during the first 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium proliferates under the influence of .... WHAT?
estrogen
From the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week, the developing organism is referred to as the
embryo
the heartbeat becomes audible through a stethoscope during which phase of fetal development?
second trimester (4 to 6)
pregnancy is associated with ... WHAT?
increased CO and blood volume (30-40%/1-2L)
A 48 year old female who is having hot flashes, tachycardia, palpitations, and sleep disturbance may be experiencing symptoms related to
perimenopause
what laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia?
pancytopenia
thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia because they are both
microcytic
which is false about acute rheumatic fever
it is rarely fatal, even when untreated
lusitropic impairment refers to
impaired diastolic relaxation
an abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of
premature ventricular complexes
beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they
reduce cardiac output