front 1 U.S. was the first manufacturing nation of the world. | back 1 What England accomplished in a hundred years, the U.S. achieved in half the time (so wrote Charles and Mary Beard). |
front 2 Cyrus W. Field | back 2 Laid a transatlantic telegraph cable. |
front 3 Alexander Graham Bell | back 3 First telephone with commercial capacity. |
front 4 By 1900 there were ____ million telephones and by 1920 there were ____ million. | back 4 1.35 million, 13.3 million |
front 5 Guglielmo Marconi | back 5 First steps toward development of the radio. |
front 6 Christopher L. Sholes | back 6 Typewriter |
front 7 James Ritty | back 7 Cash Register |
front 8 WIlliam S. Burroughs | back 8 Calculating or adding machine. |
front 9 What was the most revolutionary invention? | back 9 Electricity in the 1870s as a source of light and power. |
front 10 Charles F. Brush | back 10 Arc lamp for street illumination. |
front 11 What was the importance of the steam engine? | back 11 Trade and industry. Meant larger ships at faster speeds. Cheaper for Britain to buy wheat grown in Canada and the U.S. |
front 12 What invention in the 1870s made it possible to transport meat from North America? | back 12 Refrigerated Ships |
front 13 Why was the revolutionizing of iron and steel production so important? | back 13 The nation's economy rested so heavily on railroads and Urban construction. |
front 14 Where did the biggest demand for iron come from? | back 14 Iron rails for railroads |
front 15 What caused iron production to soar in the 1870s and 1880s? | back 15 Railroads added 40,000 miles of new track. |
front 16 What caused steel to become more popular? | back 16 Henry Bessemer and William Kelly developed a process for converting iron into steel. |
front 17 Abram S. Hewitt | back 17 Introduced another steel making method called the open-hearth process. |
front 18 Where did the steel industry emerge and why? | back 18 First in western PA and eastern OH since iron ore and anthracite was abundant there. |
front 19 Where did the steel industry grow to? | back 19 Upper peninsula of Michigan, the Mesabi Range, and the area around Birmingham Alabama. |
front 20 What had to happen as the steel industry spread? | back 20 The availability of steam freighters that carried ore on lakes. Led to larger and heavier freighters. |
front 21 What two industries became closer as the steel industry spread? | back 21 Steel companies the railroads. |
front 22 What event created a more intimate relationship between the steel companies and railroads? | back 22 The Pennsylvania Railroad created the Pennsylvania Steel company. |
front 23 What other industry did the steel industry help create? | back 23 Oil for lubrication of its machines. |
front 24 George Bissel | back 24 Found ways to use oil in burning lamps, paraffin, naphtha, and lubrication oils. |
front 25 Edwin L. Drake | back 25 One of Bissel's biggest employees established the first oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. Led to the development of other oil fields in PA, OH, and WV. |
front 26 What technological innovation had the farthest reaching impact on the U.S.? | back 26 The automobile |
front 27 What two technologies were critical to the development of the automobile? | back 27 Gasoline and the internal combustion engine |
front 28 Nicolaus August Otto | back 28 Created a "four stroke" engine in the mid-1860s. |
front 29 Gottfried Daimler | back 29 Perfected an engine that could be used in automobiles. |
front 30 Where did early progress in airplane design take the most foothold and why? | back 30 France since there was substantial government funding for research and development. |
front 31 Charles Lindbergh | back 31 Famously flew solo from New York to Paris and electrified the nation and the world. |
front 32 What was the difference between engineers and researchers? | back 32 Engineers became tied up with research and development of corporations while scientists preferred to stick to stick to basic research that had no immediate practical applications. |
front 33 "Scientific management" or "Taylorism" | back 33 Made it possible to manage human labor to make it compatible with the demands of the machine age as well as increase employers' control over the workplace. Diminished a manager's dependence on a particular employee. |
front 34 What did the assembly line lead to? | back 34 Higher employ wages and decreased production costs. |
front 35 Total railroad trackage increased from _____ miles in 1860 to ______ miles in 1900. | back 35 30,000, 193,000 |
front 36 What did railroad development contribute to the growth of? | back 36 The modern cooporation |
front 37 What made stocks more appealing to investors? | back 37 "Limited Liability" Railroads were the first to adopt this form of corporation. |
front 38 "Horizontal Integration" | back 38 The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation. |
front 39 "Vertical Integration" | back 39 The taking over of all the different businesses on which a company relied for its primary function. |
front 40 What was the most celebrated corporate empire of the late nineteenth century? | back 40 John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil |