U.S. was the first manufacturing nation of the world.
What England accomplished in a hundred years, the U.S. achieved in half the time (so wrote Charles and Mary Beard).
Cyrus W. Field
Laid a transatlantic telegraph cable.
Alexander Graham Bell
First telephone with commercial capacity.
By 1900 there were ____ million telephones and by 1920 there were ____ million.
1.35 million, 13.3 million
Guglielmo Marconi
First steps toward development of the radio.
Christopher L. Sholes
Typewriter
James Ritty
Cash Register
WIlliam S. Burroughs
Calculating or adding machine.
What was the most revolutionary invention?
Electricity in the 1870s as a source of light and power.
Charles F. Brush
Arc lamp for street illumination.
What was the importance of the steam engine?
Trade and industry. Meant larger ships at faster speeds. Cheaper for Britain to buy wheat grown in Canada and the U.S.
What invention in the 1870s made it possible to transport meat from North America?
Refrigerated Ships
Why was the revolutionizing of iron and steel production so important?
The nation's economy rested so heavily on railroads and Urban construction.
Where did the biggest demand for iron come from?
Iron rails for railroads
What caused iron production to soar in the 1870s and 1880s?
Railroads added 40,000 miles of new track.
What caused steel to become more popular?
Henry Bessemer and William Kelly developed a process for converting iron into steel.
Abram S. Hewitt
Introduced another steel making method called the open-hearth process.
Where did the steel industry emerge and why?
First in western PA and eastern OH since iron ore and anthracite was abundant there.
Where did the steel industry grow to?
Upper peninsula of Michigan, the Mesabi Range, and the area around Birmingham Alabama.
What had to happen as the steel industry spread?
The availability of steam freighters that carried ore on lakes. Led to larger and heavier freighters.
What two industries became closer as the steel industry spread?
Steel companies the railroads.
What event created a more intimate relationship between the steel companies and railroads?
The Pennsylvania Railroad created the Pennsylvania Steel company.
What other industry did the steel industry help create?
Oil for lubrication of its machines.
George Bissel
Found ways to use oil in burning lamps, paraffin, naphtha, and lubrication oils.
Edwin L. Drake
One of Bissel's biggest employees established the first oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. Led to the development of other oil fields in PA, OH, and WV.
What technological innovation had the farthest reaching impact on the U.S.?
The automobile
What two technologies were critical to the development of the automobile?
Gasoline and the internal combustion engine
Nicolaus August Otto
Created a "four stroke" engine in the mid-1860s.
Gottfried Daimler
Perfected an engine that could be used in automobiles.
Where did early progress in airplane design take the most foothold and why?
France since there was substantial government funding for research and development.
Charles Lindbergh
Famously flew solo from New York to Paris and electrified the nation and the world.
What was the difference between engineers and researchers?
Engineers became tied up with research and development of corporations while scientists preferred to stick to stick to basic research that had no immediate practical applications.
"Scientific management" or "Taylorism"
Made it possible to manage human labor to make it compatible with the demands of the machine age as well as increase employers' control over the workplace. Diminished a manager's dependence on a particular employee.
What did the assembly line lead to?
Higher employ wages and decreased production costs.
Total railroad trackage increased from _____ miles in 1860 to ______ miles in 1900.
30,000, 193,000
What did railroad development contribute to the growth of?
The modern cooporation
What made stocks more appealing to investors?
"Limited Liability" Railroads were the first to adopt this form of corporation.
"Horizontal Integration"
The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation.
"Vertical Integration"
The taking over of all the different businesses on which a company relied for its primary function.
What was the most celebrated corporate empire of the late nineteenth century?
John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil