front 1 Active immunity | back 1 Immunity developed from an individual’s own immune system. |
front 2 Acute inflammation | back 2 Inflammation occurring for a limited time period; rapidly developing. |
front 3 Adaptive immune response | back 3 A relatively slow but very specific and effective immune response controlled by lymphocytes. |
front 4 Afferent lymphatic vessels | back 4 Vessels that lead into a lymph node. |
front 5 Allergens | back 5 Antigens that evoke type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy) responses. |
front 6 Allergist | back 6 Specialist who specializes in treating individuals with a hypersensitivity to allergens. |
front 7 Allergy | back 7 Inflammatory response due to a hypersensitivity to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in most people. |
front 8 Anaphylactic shock | back 8 A severe and sometimes life-threatening immune system reaction to an antigen that a person has been previously exposed to. The reaction may include itchy skin, edema, collapsed blood vessels, fainting, difficulty in breathing, and death. |
front 9 Antibody | back 9 A protein made by plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen (a substance that causes the body to make a specific immune response). Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. |
front 10 Antigens | back 10 Substances that provokes an immune response. This happens because the immune system sees the antigen as foreign, or ‘non-self” (does not belong in that body). |
front 11 Apoptosis | back 11 Programmed cell death. |
front 12 Autoimmune diseases/disorders | back 12 Disorders in which the immune system overreacts and begins to attack itself. |
front 13 B cells | back 13 Lymphocytes that act by differentiating into an antibody-secreting plasma cell. |
front 14 Barrier defenses | back 14 Antipathogen defenses deriving from a barrier that physically prevents pathogens from entering the body to establish an infection. |
front 15 Bone marrow | back 15 Tissue found inside bones; the site of all blood cell differentiation and maturation of B lymphocytes. |
front 16 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) | back 16 Lymphoid nodule associated with the respiratory tract. |
front 17 CD4 T Cells | back 17 CD4 is the receptor that HIV uses to get inside T cells and reproduce. CD4+ helper T cells play an important role in T cell immune responses and antibody responses. |
front 18 Chemokine | back 18 Soluble, long-range, cell-to-cell communication molecule. |
front 19 Chemotaxis | back 19 Movement in response to chemicals; a phenomenon in which injured or infected cells and nearby leukocytes emit the equivalent of a chemical “911” call, attracting more leukocytes to the site. |
front 20 Chronic inflammation | back 20 Ongoing inflammation that can be caused by foreign bodies, persistent pathogens, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. |
front 21 Chyle | back 21 Lipid-rich lymph inside the lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine. |
front 22 Cisterna chyli | back 22 A sac-like chamber that receives lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs by way of the left and right lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk. |
front 23 Complement | back 23 Enzymatic cascade of constitutive blood proteins that have antipathogen effects, including the direct killing of bacteria. |
front 24 Cytokine | back 24 A signaling molecule that allows cells to communicate with each other over short distances. |
front 25 Deep lymphatic vessels | back 25 Lymphatic vessels of the organs. |
front 26 Efferent lymphatic vessels | back 26 Vessels that lead out of a lymph node. |
front 27 Erythroblastosis fetalis | back 27 An immune reaction between maternal and fetal blood due to the Rh antigen; also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). |
front 28 Genetic recombination | back 28 The combining of gene segments from two different pathogens. |
front 29 Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) | back 29 A condition that can occur in bone marrow transplant recipients; occurs when the transplanted cells mount an immune response against the recipient’s tissue. |
front 30 Histamine | back 30 A vasodilator involved in the inflammatory response. |
front 31 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | back 31 An infectious disease transmitted through semen, vaginal fluids, and blood that suppresses the immune system. HIV infection may be managed with antiviral drugs or may progress to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). |
front 32 Hypersensitivities | back 32 Reacting to something that would not normally evoke a reaction. |
front 33 Immune system | back 33 Series of barriers, cells, and soluble mediators that combine to response to infections of the body with pathogenic organisms. |
front 34 Immunity | back 34 Resistant to the effects of pathogens. |
front 35 Immunodeficiency | back 35 The decreased ability of the body to fight infections and other diseases. |
front 36 Immunological memory | back 36 Ability of the adaptive immune response to mount a stronger and faster immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen. |
front 37 Immunology | back 37 The study of the body’s immune system. |
front 38 Induration | back 38 A firm, raised reddened patch of skin. |
front 39 Inflammation | back 39 Basic innate immune response characterized by heat, redness, pain, and swelling. |
front 40 Innate immune response | back 40 Fast-acting non-specific immune mechanisms that are present from birth. |
front 41 Intercellular | back 41 Between cells. |
front 42 Interferons | back 42 Early induced proteins made in virally infected cells that cause nearby cells to make antiviral proteins. |
front 43 Interstitial fluid | back 43 Extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels. |
front 44 Interstitial space | back 44 Spaces between individual cells in the tissues. |
front 45 Intracellular | back 45 Inside the cell membrane or within the cell. |
front 46 Leukemia | back 46 A cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes. |
front 47 Lymph | back 47 The term used to describe interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic system. |
front 48 Lymph node | back 48 One of the bean-shaped organs found associated with the lymphatic vessels. |
front 49 Lymphatic capillaries | back 49 Smallest of the lymphatic vessels and the origin of lymph flow. |
front 50 Lymphatic system | back 50 Network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and ducts that carries lymph from the tissues and back to the bloodstream. |
front 51 Lymphatic trunks | back 51 Large lymphatics that collect lymph from smaller lymphatic vessels and empties into the blood via lymphatic ducts. |
front 52 Lymphocytes | back 52 The second most common type of leukocyte and are essential for the immune response. |
front 53 Lymphoid nodules | back 53 Unencapsulated patches of lymphoid tissue found throughout the body. |
front 54 Lymphoma | back 54 A form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues. These leukocytes do not function properly, and the patient is vulnerable to infection. |
front 55 Macrophage | back 55 A large cell derived from a monocyte; they participate in innate immune responses. |
front 56 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | back 56 Protein structures found on the outside of cells that help the immune system recognize non-self antigens. |
front 57 Mast cell | back 57 Cell found in the skin and the lining of body cells that contains cytoplasmic granules with vasoactive mediators such as histamine. |
front 58 Memory T cells | back 58 Long-lived immune cells reserved for future exposure to a pathogen. |
front 59 Monocyte | back 59 A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow. |
front 60 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) | back 60 Lymphoid nodule associated with the mucosa. |
front 61 Mucous membranes | back 61 Epithelial membranes that line the body cavities and hollow passageways that open to the external environment. |
front 62 Naïve lymphocyte | back 62 Mature B or T cell that has not yet encountered antigen for the first time. |
front 63 Natural killer cell (NK) | back 63 Cytotoxic lymphocyte of innate immune response. |
front 64 Neutrophil | back 64 Phagocytic white blood cell recruited from the bloodstream to the site of infection via the bloodstream. |
front 65 Opsonization | back 65 A process by which an antibody or an antimicrobial protein binds to a pathogen, thereby marking it as a target for phagocytes. |
front 66 Passive immunity | back 66 Transfer of immunity to a pathogen to an individual that lacks immunity to this pathogen usually by the injection of antibodies. |
front 67 Pathogen | back 67 An organism that causes a disease. |
front 68 Phagocytosis | back 68 Movement of material from the outside to the inside of the cells via vesicles made from invaginations of the plasma membrane; process where some white blood cells engulf invading microorganisms. |
front 69 Plasma cells | back 69 A type of B lymphocyte that produces antibodies, which bind to specific foreign or abnormal antigens in order to destroy them. |
front 70 Primary adaptive response | back 70 Immune system’s response to the first exposure to a pathogen. |
front 71 Primary lymphoid organs | back 71 Site where lymphocytes mature and proliferate; for example, red bone marrow and the thymus gland. |
front 72 Right lymphatic duct | back 72 Drains lymph fluid from the upper right side of the body into the right subclavian vein. |
front 73 Staphylococcus aureus | back 73 A bacteria that is commonly found in minor skin infections, as well as in the nose of some healthy people. |
front 74 Secondary adaptive response | back 74 Immune response observed upon re-exposure to a pathogen, which is stronger and faster than a primary response. |
front 75 Secondary lymphoid organs | back 75 Sites where lymphocytes mount adaptive immune responses, examples include lymph nodes and spleen. |
front 76 Seroconversion | back 76 The reciprocal relationship between virus levels in the blood and antibody levels. |
front 77 Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) | back 77 A rare, inherited disease that is marked by a lack of B and T lymphocytes. |
front 78 Spleen | back 78 Secondary lymphoid organ that filters pathogens from the blood (white pulp) and removes degenerating or damaged blood cells (red pulp). |
front 79 Superficial lymphatics | back 79 Lymphatic vessels of the subcutaneous tissues of the skin. |
front 80 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | back 80 A chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs; also called lupus. |
front 81 T cell | back 81 Lymphocyte that acts by secreting molecules that regulate the immune system or by causing the destruction of foreign cells, viruses, and cancer cells. |
front 82 Thoracic duct | back 82 Large duct that drains lymph from the lower limbs, left thorax, left upper limb, and the left side of the head. |
front 83 Thymocytes | back 83 A type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system and develops from stem cells in the bone marrow; also called T cells and T lymphocytes. |
front 84 Thymus | back 84 Primary lymphoid organ, where t lymphocytes proliferate and mature. |
front 85 Tissue typing | back 85 The determination of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the tissue to be transplanted to better match the donor to the recipient. |
front 86 Tonsils | back 86 Lymphoid nodules associated with the nasopharynx. |
front 87 Vaccine | back 87 A killed or weakened pathogen or its components that, when administered to a healthy individual, leads to the development of immunological memory (a weakened primary immune response) without causing much in the way of symptoms. |
front 88 Vasodilation | back 88 The physiological widening of blood vessels by relaxing the vascular smooth muscle. |
front 89 Wheal and flare response | back 89 A soft, pale swelling at the site surrounded by a red zone. |