front 1 Endocrine system consists of endocrine glands that secrete ____ | back 1 Hormones |
front 2 Endocrine response is broken into two responses | back 2 Endocrine |
front 3 Neuroendocrine is typically ___ onset | back 3 Rapid |
front 4 Endocrine response is typically ___ onset | back 4 Slower |
front 5 Hormones are defined as | back 5 Chemical messengers |
front 6 Protein hormones | back 6 >100 amino acid chains |
front 7 biogenic amines | back 7 <100 amino acids |
front 8 Steroid hormones | back 8 Small lipid molecules |
front 9 Plasma membrane | back 9 Permeable to lipid hormones |
front 10 Biogenic and protein hormone receptors are found | back 10 On the cell membrane |
front 11 Thyroid hormone action is ____ | back 11 At the nucleus |
front 12 Feedback loops in endocrine | back 12 Self-Regulate |
front 13 Something stimulates the hormone release | back 13 That hormone has self regulating effects |
front 14 Hormone feedback loops are comparable to | back 14 Maintaining traveling speed while driving |
front 15 When deviating from homeostasis, this causes: | back 15 Hormone release |
front 16 When blood sugar increases | back 16 Insulin is released |
front 17 Insulin drives sugar into cells | back 17 Causing insulin production to diminish |
front 18 Positive feedback: | back 18 Pushes a system away from its set point by producing a change in the same direction |
front 19 Oxytocin is ____ feedback | back 19 Positive feedback; |
front 20 In hypothalamus releasing factors: | back 20 Stimulate the pituitary to release hormones, which stimulate responses that ultimately give negative feedback to stop hormone release |
front 21 The hypothalamus | back 21 Master endocrine controller |
front 22 The pituitary gland | back 22 Middle man |
front 23 Releasing hormones | back 23 Stimulate pituitary gland to release hormone |
front 24 Inhibiting hormones | back 24 Stop releasing hormones |
front 25 Anterior pituitary | back 25 Produces its own hormones |
front 26 Adenohypophysis | back 26 Anterior pituitary |
front 27 Oxytocin and ADH | back 27 Produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary |
front 28 Neurohypophysis | back 28 Posterior pituitary |
front 29 Pituitary gland lives | back 29 behind optic chiasm |
front 30 Pituitary tumors cause | back 30 Peripheral vision loss |
front 31 Infundibulum | back 31 Contains neurons that innervates posterior pituitary |
front 32 Cavernous sinus drains | back 32 behind pituitary |
front 33 Cranial nerves 3,4,5,6 | back 33 Pass by pituitary |
front 34 Cranial nerve deficits can be caused by | back 34 Pituitary tumors |
front 35 Pituitary gland | back 35 Hypophysis |
front 36 Anterior pituitary | back 36 7 hormones |
front 37 Posterior pituitary | back 37 2 hormones |
front 38 Tropic hormones | back 38 Hormones that target other organs |
front 39 Portal systems | back 39 Vein goes to structure, then to another vein |
front 40 Big portal systems | back 40 Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system |
front 41 Hypothalamic releasing hormones | back 41 Dont have to travel far |
front 42 Hypothalamic tropic hormones | back 42 Have to travel far |
front 43 TRH | back 43 Thyroid releasing hormone |
front 44 CTRH | back 44 Corticotropic releasing hormone produces ACTH |
front 45 Somatostatin | back 45 no data |
front 46 Dopamine | back 46 no data |
front 47 Adrenocorticotropic hormone | back 47 no data |
front 48 Thyroid releasing hormone | back 48 no data |
front 49 Prolactin | back 49 no data |
front 50 Folical stimulating hormone | back 50 no data |
front 51 Growth hormone | back 51 released by Growth hormone releasing hormone |
front 52 Thryotropic cells | back 52 secrete thyrotropin or TSH under the influence of TRH from the hypothalamus |
front 53 TSH | back 53 Acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone |
front 54 Gonadotropic cells | back 54 Produce gonadotropins |
front 55 Gonadotropins | back 55 Hormones that act on the gonads |
front 56 Secretion of gonadotropins is controlled by | back 56 Growth hormone releasing hormone |
front 57 Interstitial cell stimulating hormone | back 57 Same thing as leutenizing hormone, but in males |
front 58 GH stimulates g | back 58 growth and mitosis primarily on boens and skeletal muscles |
front 59 Insulin like growth factor | back 59 IGF I and II are produced in the liver |
front 60 IGF acts on epihphyseal plates to stimulate | back 60 lengthening of bones |
front 61 Beta lipotropin is a precursor to other hormones | back 61 Primarily beta endorphin and MSH |
front 62 MSH | back 62 Melanocyte stimulating hormone |
front 63 MSH is secreted by | back 63 intermediate lobe (anterior) pituitary after exposure to UV light |
front 64 MSH stimulates | back 64 melanin production and distribution of melanocytes |
front 65 Prolactin is also | back 65 Dopamine |
front 66 ACTH affects | back 66 Adrenal cortex |
front 67 Adrenal cortex | back 67 Gives negative feedback when aldosterone, sex hormones are released |
front 68 Growth hormone | back 68 Somatomedins |
front 69 Thyroxine | back 69 Released by thyroid gland |
front 70 FSH & LH | back 70 NEgative feedback loops by estrogen and |
front 71 Prolactin | back 71 lactation |
front 72 Beta LPH | back 72 Not gonna cover it much |
front 73 Posterior pituitary | back 73 Stores and secretes ADH, Oxytocin, connected to hypothalamus, made up of axons as well as gland |
front 74 Anterior pituitary | back 74 Not a direct connection to hypothalamus which is why releasing hormones are required |
front 75 ADH | back 75 Maintains BP by retaining volume |
front 76 Decreased volume or pressure stimulates | back 76 ADH |
front 77 If osmolality is high | back 77 ADH is released |
front 78 Oxytocin | back 78 Also called the bonding hormone |
front 79 Oxytocin | back 79 Stimulates ejection of milk and contraction of uterine walll |
front 80 This hormone plays a role in social bonding | back 80 Oxytocin |
front 81 Low oxytocin | back 81 Makes you an A-hole |
front 82 Thyroid | back 82 Lives below thyroid cartilage |
front 83 The thyroid has ___ lobes | back 83 two lobes on each side of trachea |
front 84 Thyroid contains two distinct cell types | back 84 Follicular cells and parafollicular cells |
front 85 Follicular cells | back 85 Produce thyroid hormone |
front 86 Thyroid hormones produce | back 86 Thyroxine, T3, T4 |
front 87 Parafollicular cells | back 87 Produce calcitonin |
front 88 Thyroxine | back 88 Sometimes referred to as a combination of T3 & T4 |
front 89 Thyroid follicles | back 89 Simple cuboidal cells filled with thyroglobulin, protein liquid |
front 90 Under influence of TSH | back 90 Follicular cells will convert TG and release it into the blood |
front 91 TG | back 91 Thyroglobulin |
front 92 Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis | back 92 Hypothalamus detects decrease TH in blood, or very low temperature |
front 93 TRH stimulates | back 93 Anterior pituitary to release TSH |
front 94 TSH Stimulates | back 94 Follicular cells of thyroid to convert TG into TH |
front 95 Increased levels of TH | back 95 Cause negative feedback on the hypothalamus and ant pit, preventing release of TRH and TSH |
front 96 When determining if thyroid is functioning properly | back 96 TSH is measured to see where body is in relation to feedback loops |
front 97 TSH and TRH should be | back 97 Correlated |
front 98 TSH and thyroxine should be | back 98 Inversely related |
front 99 stimulating and end hormone should be | back 99 inverse |
front 100 Releasing hormone and end hormone should be | back 100 correlated |
front 101 Parafollicular cells are also called C cells | back 101 Because of their involvement with calcitonin |
front 102 Calcitonin helps | back 102 regulate calcium levels |
front 103 When calcium levels are elevated | back 103 C cells secrete calcitonin |
front 104 Procalcitonin is produced | back 104 In setting of acute bacterial infection |
front 105 Procalcitonin is | back 105 An acute phase reactant and can be measured to help determine sepsis |
front 106 Parathyroid | back 106 Apple seed sized glands |
front 107 Parathyroid is fed by | back 107 Thyroid artery |
front 108 Thyroid artery | back 108 branches off of carotid artery |
front 109 Parathyroid regulates calcium and is found | back 109 On the back of the thyroid gland |
front 110 Parathyroid gland consists of two types of cells | back 110 Oxyphil cells |
front 111 Parathyroid hormone | back 111 Inversely related to calcium |
front 112 When calcium is low | back 112 Parathyroid is high |
front 113 When calcium is high | back 113 Parathyroid is low |
front 114 Parathyroid hormone works in 3 ways | back 114 Stimulate resorption of bone |
front 115 Calcium and phosphate have ____ relationship | back 115 Inverse |
front 116 Phosphate levels increase in kidney disease, causing | back 116 low calcium, |
front 117 Low calcium stimulates | back 117 Parathyroid gland |
front 118 Phoslow | back 118 Medication that lowers phosphates to prevent bone resorption and weakening |
front 119 Parathyroid glands are: | back 119 Calcium thermostat |
front 120 Extracellular calcium sensing receptor | back 120 CaSR |
front 121 CaSR is found mostly | back 121 on parathyroid cells |
front 122 PTH | back 122 ParaThyroid Hormone |
front 123 PTH ^ | back 123 Ca v |
front 124 Ca ^ | back 124 PTH v |
front 125 PTH does not involve | back 125 Pituitary |
front 126 Calcitonin | back 126 Has calcium sensing receptor on its cells |
front 127 Voshteks sign | back 127 Tap face, facial spasm |
front 128 Trosseau's | back 128 Low calcium, causes arm spasm w/BP cuff increase |
front 129 Hypercalcemia | back 129 More common than hypo |
front 130 Adrenal gland AKA | back 130 Suprarenal gland |
front 131 Adrenal gland size and shape of | back 131 fortune cookie |
front 132 Outer cortex of adrenal gland | back 132 Cortex |
front 133 Inner adrenal | back 133 Medulla |
front 134 Adrenal cortex produces more than 25 different corticosteroid in response to | back 134 stimulation from ACTH |
front 135 Corticosteroid hormones are | back 135 Stress hormones |
front 136 Adrenal cortex has 3 regions | back 136 Outer Zona Glomerulosa |
front 137 Glomerulosa | back 137 Thinnest layer of adrenal cortex |
front 138 GLomerulosa produces | back 138 Aldosterone |
front 139 Aldosterone stimulates | back 139 Retention of Na, secretion of K by kidneys |
front 140 RAAS system | back 140 main method of regulating BP |
front 141 Zona Fasciulata produces glucocorticoids | back 141 Min |
front 142 Mineralcorticoid | back 142 Aldosterone |
front 143 Glucocorticoid | back 143 Cortisol |
front 144 Cortisol affects | back 144 Blood Sugar |
front 145 Aldosterone has no effect on | back 145 Blood sugar |
front 146 Gonadocorticoids | back 146 Androgen precursors |
front 147 Inner layer | back 147 sex hormone layer |
front 148 Salt, stress, sex | back 148 Outer glomerulosa |
front 149 Androgens are responsible for | back 149 Secondary sex characteristics |
front 150 Adrenal medulla | back 150 innermost part of adrenal gland |
front 151 Adrenal medulla | back 151 innervated directly by sympathetic nervous system |
front 152 Sympathetic nervous system | back 152 Can fire big levels quickly, but not maintain |
front 153 Hormones prolong the | back 153 sympathetic response |
front 154 Sympathetic nervous system stimulates chromaffin cells directly | back 154 Chromaffin cells directly secrete epi/norepi |
front 155 Make card labeling adrena gland layers | back 155 Capsule |
front 156 Pancreas | back 156 no data |
front 157 Adrenal gland | back 157 Controlled by hypothalamus through release of |
front 158 LH | back 158 From pituitary gonadotropin mostly reticularis |
front 159 FSH | back 159 From pituitary gonadotropin mostly reticularis |
front 160 Zona Glomerulosa | back 160 Controlled by kidney, to regulate BP |
front 161 Middle fasciculata | back 161 Under control of sympathetic nervous system |
front 162 CRH triggers ACTH which | back 162 triggers fasciulata, |
front 163 Pancreas | back 163 GI organ, main job to digest sugar and fat |
front 164 Pancreas secretes | back 164 Amylase and Lipase |
front 165 Secretion of Amylase and Lipase | back 165 Exocrine enzymes |
front 166 Islands in the pancreas | back 166 A |
front 167 Pancreas 6" long, LUQ, | back 167 curvy tail |
front 168 99% of pancrease made of | back 168 acinar cells |
front 169 Pancreatic islet ceclls | back 169 no data |
front 170 Main ducts of pancreas | back 170 Main duct dumps enzymes into gallbladder |
front 171 Accessory ducts | back 171 no data |
front 172 Pancreatitis | back 172 Pancreas digests itself if enzymes leak out of ducts |
front 173 Blood from pancreatic islets | back 173 Drains by hepatic portal vein |
front 174 Hormones from pancreatic islets | back 174 Drain straight into the liver |
front 175 Alpha cells | back 175 20% of islet cells, produces glucagon, raises blood sugar |
front 176 Beta cells | back 176 70% of cells, produces insulin, lowers blood sugar |
front 177 Delta cells | back 177 10% of cells, secretes somatostatin, plays an important role in GI motility, counter hormone of growth hormone |
front 178 Synthetic glucagon | back 178 dumps glycogen stores in liver to increase blood sugar |
front 179 70-110mg/dL | back 179 Normal glucose |
front 180 Eat snickers, drink coke | back 180 Sugar goes up, osmolality increases, islet cells dump insulin, sugar is pushed into cells, |
front 181 High glycemic index food, | back 181 Drops sugar due to big insulin dump forcing sugar into cells, paradoxical lowering |
front 182 This paradoxical low blood sugar is counteracted by | back 182 Glycogen stores releasing to increase blood sugar |
front 183 Somatostatin | back 183 Growth hormone inhibiting hormone, |
front 184 Gastrin | back 184 Helps make stomach acid |
front 185 Pineal gland is in the | back 185 Epithalamus |
front 186 Pineal gland | back 186 Produces melatonin |
front 187 Melatonin | back 187 Stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light |
front 188 Increased melatonin | back 188 makes you sleepy |
front 189 Thymus located | back 189 Deep in sternum, just anterior to aortic arch |
front 190 Thymus most active in | back 190 children |
front 191 At puberty | back 191 Thymus begins to involute and is replacced by adipose tissue |
front 192 Thymopoetin | back 192 Produced by thymus |
front 193 Thymosin | back 193 produced by thymus |
front 194 Kidneys produce two hormones | back 194 Calcitriol |
front 195 calcitriol | back 195 Stimulated by PTH when calcium levels are low, increase absorption of caclium |
front 196 Erythropoetin | back 196 Stimulated during times of hypoxemia, increases production of RBS in marrow |
front 197 Renin | back 197 Stimulated by lower BP, activates angiotensin, which stimulates aldosterone production by adrenal cortex which results in sodium and water retention |
front 198 Heart produces hormone calledd | back 198 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
front 199 ANP | back 199 Released in response to increased blood volume or pressure in right atrium |
front 200 ANP stimulates | back 200 the kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium |
front 201 When the right atrium gets stretched this peptide is released | back 201 ANP |
front 202 ANP does the opposite of | back 202 Aldosterone |
front 203 BNP | back 203 Released in atria and brain |
front 204 ANP vs BNP | back 204 ANP released in atria only |
front 205 When heart muscle is stretched | back 205 BNP is released |
front 206 RAAS System | back 206 makes you retain sodium and water |
front 207 Counter hormone to RAAS system | back 207 ANP/BNP |
front 208 Renin causes release | back 208 of angiotensin II |
front 209 Angiotensinogen causes release of | back 209 Angiotensin I |
front 210 ACE | back 210 Converts angiotensin I to II |
front 211 Major activity of GI hormones | back 211 Promote digestion |
front 212 Gastrin | back 212 Stimulates stomach acid |
front 213 Motilin | back 213 Causes chruning |
front 214 Gastric inhibition polypeptide | back 214 no data |
front 215 cholecystokinin | back 215 stimulates release of exocrine pancreatic enzymes and release of gall bladder contents |
front 216 Fatty acids and amino acids in small intestine releases | back 216 cholecystokinin |
front 217 Food in stomach releases | back 217 gastrin |
front 218 Acid pH in small intestin releases | back 218 secretin |
front 219 Secretion peaks prior to feeding and diminishes with gastric filling | back 219 Ghrelin |
front 220 Increases with fasting | back 220 Motillin |
front 221 Secretion peaks prior to feeding and diminishes with gastric filling | back 221 Gastric inhibitory peptide |
front 222 Gastric inhibitory peptide | back 222 Weight loss meds |
front 223 Ghrelin | back 223 Makes you feel hungry |
front 224 GIP | back 224 Gastric inhibitory peptide |
front 225 GIP effects | back 225 feels satiated |
front 226 Gonades produce | back 226 Gametes |
front 227 Ovaries produce two hormones | back 227 Estrogen |
front 228 Testes produce | back 228 Testosterone |
front 229 Obaries and testes both produce | back 229 Inhibin |
front 230 Inhibin inhibits | back 230 FSH |