Endocrine A&P Flashcards

Hormones

Endocrine
Neuro-endocrine

Rapid

Slower

Chemical messengers

>100 amino acid chains

<100 amino acids

Small lipid molecules

Permeable to lipid hormones

On the cell membrane

At the nucleus

Self-Regulate

That hormone has self regulating effects

Maintaining traveling speed while driving

Hormone release

Insulin is released

Causing insulin production to diminish

Pushes a system away from its set point by producing a change in the same direction

Positive feedback;

The more oxytocin is present, the harder uterine contractions are which causes more stretching of the cervix, which releases more oxytocin

Stimulate the pituitary to release hormones, which stimulate responses that ultimately give negative feedback to stop hormone release

Master endocrine controller

Middle man

Stimulate pituitary gland to release hormone

Stop releasing hormones

Produces its own hormones

Anterior pituitary

Produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

behind optic chiasm

Peripheral vision loss

Contains neurons that innervates posterior pituitary

behind pituitary

Pass by pituitary

Pituitary tumors

Hypophysis

(adeno anterior
Neuro posterior)

7 hormones

2 hormones

Hormones that target other organs

Vein goes to structure, then to another vein

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Dont have to travel far

Have to travel far

Thyroid releasing hormone

Corticotropic releasing hormone produces ACTH

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released by Growth hormone releasing hormone

secrete thyrotropin or TSH under the influence of TRH from the hypothalamus

Acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone

Produce gonadotropins

Hormones that act on the gonads

Growth hormone releasing hormone

Same thing as leutenizing hormone, but in males

growth and mitosis primarily on boens and skeletal muscles

IGF I and II are produced in the liver

lengthening of bones

Primarily beta endorphin and MSH

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

intermediate lobe (anterior) pituitary after exposure to UV light

melanin production and distribution of melanocytes

Dopamine

Adrenal cortex

Gives negative feedback when aldosterone, sex hormones are released

Somatomedins

Released by thyroid gland

NEgative feedback loops by estrogen and

lactation

Not gonna cover it much

Stores and secretes ADH, Oxytocin, connected to hypothalamus, made up of axons as well as gland

Not a direct connection to hypothalamus which is why releasing hormones are required

Maintains BP by retaining volume

ADH

ADH is released

Also called the bonding hormone

Stimulates ejection of milk and contraction of uterine walll

Oxytocin

Makes you an A-hole

Lives below thyroid cartilage

two lobes on each side of trachea

Follicular cells and parafollicular cells

Produce thyroid hormone

Thyroxine, T3, T4

Produce calcitonin

Sometimes referred to as a combination of T3 & T4

Simple cuboidal cells filled with thyroglobulin, protein liquid

Follicular cells will convert TG and release it into the blood

Thyroglobulin

Hypothalamus detects decrease TH in blood, or very low temperature

TRH Stimulates anterior pituitary to release TSH

Increased levels of TH prevent release of TRH and TSH

Follicular cells reduce or stop production of TH

Anterior pituitary to release TSH

Follicular cells of thyroid to convert TG into TH

Cause negative feedback on the hypothalamus and ant pit, preventing release of TRH and TSH

TSH is measured to see where body is in relation to feedback loops

Correlated

Inversely related

inverse

correlated

Because of their involvement with calcitonin

regulate calcium levels

C cells secrete calcitonin

In setting of acute bacterial infection

An acute phase reactant and can be measured to help determine sepsis

Apple seed sized glands

Thyroid artery

branches off of carotid artery

On the back of the thyroid gland

Oxyphil cells
Chief cells

Inversely related to calcium

Parathyroid is high

Parathyroid is low

Stimulate resorption of bone
Stimulates kidneys to activate vitamin D
Stimulates the reabsorption of calcium by kidneys

Inverse

low calcium,

Parathyroid gland

Medication that lowers phosphates to prevent bone resorption and weakening

Calcium thermostat

CaSR

on parathyroid cells

ParaThyroid Hormone

Ca v

PTH v

Pituitary

Has calcium sensing receptor on its cells

Tap face, facial spasm

Low calcium, causes arm spasm w/BP cuff increase

More common than hypo
Cancers produce ectopic PTH related peptide, triggers receptors in bone to increase ca

Suprarenal gland

fortune cookie

Cortex

Medulla

stimulation from ACTH

Stress hormones

Outer Zona Glomerulosa
Middle Zona Fasciculata
Inner Zone Retiuclaris

Thinnest layer of adrenal cortex

Aldosterone

Retention of Na, secretion of K by kidneys

main method of regulating BP

Min

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Blood Sugar

Blood sugar

Androgen precursors

sex hormone layer

Outer glomerulosa
Corticosteroid
Gonadocorticoid

Secondary sex characteristics

innermost part of adrenal gland

innervated directly by sympathetic nervous system

Can fire big levels quickly, but not maintain

sympathetic response

Chromaffin cells directly secrete epi/norepi

Capsule
Glomerulose
Fasciulata
Reticularis
medulla

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Controlled by hypothalamus through release of

From pituitary gonadotropin mostly reticularis

From pituitary gonadotropin mostly reticularis

Controlled by kidney, to regulate BP

Under control of sympathetic nervous system

triggers fasciulata,

GI organ, main job to digest sugar and fat

Amylase and Lipase

Exocrine enzymes

A
B

curvy tail

acinar cells

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Main duct dumps enzymes into gallbladder

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Pancreas digests itself if enzymes leak out of ducts

Drains by hepatic portal vein

Drain straight into the liver

20% of islet cells, produces glucagon, raises blood sugar

70% of cells, produces insulin, lowers blood sugar

10% of cells, secretes somatostatin, plays an important role in GI motility, counter hormone of growth hormone

dumps glycogen stores in liver to increase blood sugar

Normal glucose

Sugar goes up, osmolality increases, islet cells dump insulin, sugar is pushed into cells,

Drops sugar due to big insulin dump forcing sugar into cells, paradoxical lowering

Glycogen stores releasing to increase blood sugar

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone,
Inhibits GH, TSH, PRL,Gastrin, insulin, glucagon, helps digestion

Helps make stomach acid

Epithalamus

Produces melatonin

Stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light

makes you sleepy

Deep in sternum, just anterior to aortic arch

children

Thymus begins to involute and is replacced by adipose tissue

Produced by thymus

produced by thymus

Calcitriol
Erythropoetin
Renin

Stimulated by PTH when calcium levels are low, increase absorption of caclium

Stimulated during times of hypoxemia, increases production of RBS in marrow

Stimulated by lower BP, activates angiotensin, which stimulates aldosterone production by adrenal cortex which results in sodium and water retention

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Released in response to increased blood volume or pressure in right atrium

the kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium

ANP

Aldosterone

Released in atria and brain

ANP released in atria only
BNP released in atria and brain

BNP is released

makes you retain sodium and water

ANP/BNP

of angiotensin II

Angiotensin I

Converts angiotensin I to II

Promote digestion

Stimulates stomach acid

Causes chruning

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stimulates release of exocrine pancreatic enzymes and release of gall bladder contents

cholecystokinin

gastrin

secretin

Ghrelin

Motillin

Gastric inhibitory peptide

Weight loss meds

Makes you feel hungry

Gastric inhibitory peptide

feels satiated

Gametes

Estrogen
Progesterone

Testosterone

Inhibin

FSH