front 1 What contributes exclusively to the formation of the face, nasal cavities, mouth, larynx, pharynx, and neck | back 1 the pharyngeal arches |
front 2 What does the first pharyngeal arch develop | back 2 maxillary and mandibular prominences |
front 3 What does the second pharyngeal arch form | back 3 part of the hyoid bone |
front 4 what does the first arch cartilage form | back 4 malleus an dincus |
front 5 what does the second arch cartilage form | back 5 the stapes and the styloid process of the temporal bone |
front 6 what do the fourth and sixth arch cartilages form | back 6 the laryngeal cartilages |
front 7 what is the fifth pharyngeal arch | back 7 rudimentary and has no derivatives |
front 8 what does the first pharyngeal arch form | back 8 the muscles of mastication |
front 9 what does the second pharyngeal arch form | back 9 the stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, auricular and muscles of facial expression |
front 10 what does the fourth arch form | back 10 cricothyroid, levator veli palatini and constictors of pharynx |
front 11 what does the sixth pharyngeal arch form | back 11 the intrinsic muscles of the larynx |
front 12 what does the first pharyngeal groove form | back 12 part of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
front 13 what does the second pharyngeal pouch become | back 13 the palatine tonsils |
front 14 what does the third pharyngeal pouch become | back 14 inferior parathyroid gland |
front 15 what does the fourth pharyngeal pouch become | back 15 superior parathyroid gland |
front 16 what are melanocytes | back 16 migratory neural crest cells that invade the epidermis and give us color in our skin |
front 17 what are langerhans cells | back 17 from bone marrow, immune system macrophage |
front 18 what are merkel cells | back 18 pressure detecting mechanoreceptors - prominent in thick skin |
front 19 what is melanoma | back 19 cancer of melanocyte - deadly |
front 20 what is basal cell carcinoma (BCC) | back 20 most common cancer, high cure rate, frozen off by liquid nitrogen |
front 21 what are the epidermal layers (top to bottom) | back 21 stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale |
front 22 what are fontanelles | back 22 soft spots between skull bones in babies that allow for brain growth and passage through the birth canal |
front 23 what are the purposes of fontanelles | back 23 allow for brain growth and passage through the birth canal |
front 24 what do osteocytes do | back 24 maintain / form bone tissue |
front 25 what are the zones of growth in bone | back 25 zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferating cartilage, zone of hypertrophic cartilage, and zone of calcified cartilage |
front 26 how do steroids (also known as lipid-soluble hormones) exert their effects in cells | back 26 act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes / can enter cell |
front 27 how do amino-acid based hormones (also known as water-soluble hormones) exert their effects in cells | back 27 act on plasma membrane receptors via G protein second messengers / cannot enter cell |
front 28 what is a thromboembolism | back 28 a clot that moves through unbroken blood vessels |
front 29 what is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood | back 29 hemocytoblasts |
front 30 what is up-regulation | back 30 target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels |
front 31 what is down-regulation | back 31 target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels |
front 32 what blood type is the universal donor | back 32 O- |
front 33 what are the reasons for the difference in blood measurements between males and females | back 33 males have testosterone growth hormones and women lose blood once a month (menstri) |
front 34 what is the normal pH of blood | back 34 7.35 - 7.45 |
front 35 features of erythrocytes | back 35 anucleate, major factor contributing to blood viscosity, dedicated to respiratory gas transport, hemoglobin transports oxygen |
front 36 how does the second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operate | back 36 by binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP |
front 37 hormones should always _____ | back 37 be available, and they must have receptors and target cells |
front 38 what are the triggers for erythropoiesis | back 38 hormone erythropoietin (EPO) |
front 39 what is the cardinal signs of diabetes | back 39 polyuria - huge urine output polydipsia - excessive thirst polyphagia - excessive hunger and food consumption |
front 40 what are excrine glads | back 40 have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface (outside body, inot body cavity, or onto body surface) and produce non-hormonal sunstances |
front 41 what are endocrine glands | back 41 produce hormones and do not have ducts (dumped directly into blood stread |
front 42 what is a half-life | back 42 time required for hormone blood level to decrease by half |
front 43 where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones made | back 43 the hypothalamus |
front 44 where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones stored and released | back 44 posterior pituitary |
front 45 what are the anterior pituitary hormones | back 45
Ms.FLATPiG |
front 46 what are the posterior pituitary hormones | back 46 Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormones) |
front 47 What hormone is a strong stimulant of uterine contraction and triggers milk ejection | back 47 oxytocin |
front 48 what is the function of ADH | back 48 inhibits or prevents urine formation, inhibited by alcohol |
front 49 what does hypersecretion of growth hormones in children result in | back 49 gigantism |
front 50 what does hypersecretion of growth hormones in adults result in | back 50 acromegaly |
front 51 what does hyposecretion of growth hormones in children result in | back 51 pituitary dwarfism |
front 52 what is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropan) | back 52 stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid, release triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus, inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones |
front 53 what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone | back 53 stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods |
front 54 what is the function of prolactin | back 54 stimulates milk production |
front 55 what does parafollicular cells produce | back 55 calcitonin |
front 56 what are the two components of thyroid hormone (TH) | back 56 T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triodothyronine) |
front 57 thyroid hormone is a | back 57 major metabolic hormone |
front 58 hyposecretion of thyroid hormone in adults can result in | back 58 myxedema or goiter |
front 59 hyposecretion of thyroid hormone in infants can result in | back 59 cretinism |
front 60 hypersecretion of thyroid hormone can result in | back 60 graves' disease |
front 61 what do oxyphil cells and cheif cells secrete | back 61 parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone |
front 62 what is the most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis | back 62 parathyroid hormone (PTH), it puts calcium into the blood |
front 63 what are the two signs of hypoparathyroidism | back 63 chvostek's sign and trousseau's sign |
front 64 describe chvostek's sign | back 64 tapping along the course of the facial nerve causing muscle contractions |
front 65 describe trousseau's sign | back 65 inflating a blood pressure cuff on the arm for several minutes induces carpal spasm |
front 66 what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex | back 66 zona glomerulosa which produces mineralocorticoids (salt) zona fasciculata which produces glucocorticoids (sugar) zona reticularis which produces gonadocorticoids (sex) |
front 67 what is the most potent mineralocordticoid | back 67 aldosterone |
front 68 what is aldosteronism and what are the effects of it | back 68 hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors effects: hypertension and edema due to excessive Na+ and excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of neurons and muscles |
front 69 what is cushing's syndrome | back 69 hypersecretion of glucocorticoids depresses cartilage and bone formation, inhibits inflammation, depresses immune system, truncal obesity, "buffalo hump" fat on the upper back |
front 70 what is addison's disease | back 70 hyposecretion of glucocorticoids decrease in glucose and Na+ levels, wight loss, severe dehydration, hypotension, and bronzing of the skin |
front 71 what do pinealocytes secrete | back 71 melatonin |
front 72 what do acinar cells produce | back 72 enzyme-rich juice for digestion |
front 73 what do pancreatic islets produce | back 73 alpha cells produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone) and beta cells produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone) |
front 74 what is glycogenolysis | back 74 breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
front 75 what is gluconeogenesis | back 75 synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates |
front 76 what does insulin do | back 76 puts glucose back into cells |
front 77 what is diabetes mellitus (DM) | back 77 due to hyposecretion(type 1) or hypoactivity (type 2) of insulin |
front 78 what is glycosuria | back 78 glucose spilled into urine / means insulin is not functioning properly |
front 79 should you give sugar or insulin first when you are unsure of someones blood glucose level | back 79 give sugar first because it is easier to reverse the effects of the sugar than it would be to reverse the effects of insulin |
front 80 where are the only places you can find thick skin | back 80 palms of hands and bottoms of feet |
front 81 what is another name for red blood cells | back 81 erythrocytes |
front 82 what is another name for white blood cells | back 82 leukocytes |
front 83 what is another name for thrombocytes | back 83 white blood cells |
front 84 what does blood carry | back 84 heat |
front 85 what is hemotopoiesis | back 85 blood cell formation in red bone marrow |
front 86 what is iron stored in cells as | back 86 ferritin an dhemosiderin |
front 87 what is iron transported in blood with | back 87 transferrin |
front 88 can hematopoietic stem cells change after they have been commited | back 88 no |
front 89 what is thalassemias | back 89 one or more globin chain(s) absent or faulty |
front 90 what is sickle-cell anemia | back 90 caused by hemoglobin S, treated with an agent induced hemoglobin F |
front 91 what is the function of leukocytes | back 91 defense against disease |
front 92 how do leukocytes leave the capillaries | back 92 diapedesis |
front 93 what is the most numerous white blood cell | back 93 neutrophils |
front 94 what is the biggest job of neutrophils | back 94 to fight bacteria (bacteria slayers) |
front 95 when are eosinophils elevated | back 95 allergic reactions and asthma |
front 96 what is the rarest white blood cell | back 96 basophils |
front 97 what is histamine | back 97 an inflammatory chemical, causes vasodilation allows leukocytes to go into the cells |
front 98 what are the two types of lymphocytes | back 98 T cells and B cells |
front 99 where do T cells mature | back 99 thymus |
front 100 where do B cells mature | back 100 bones |
front 101 what do monocytes become when they leave | back 101 macrophages |
front 102 what is leukopenia | back 102 abnormally low white blood cell count |
front 103 what is epstein - barr virus | back 103 an infectious mononucleosis that causes mono and many other dangerous diseases |
front 104 what are platelets (thrombocytes) | back 104 cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes |
front 105 what is petechiae | back 105 dysfunction that causes tiny blood spots on the skin |
front 106 how can circulating platelets keep inactive and mobile | back 106 with nitric oxide (NO) which is made by endothelial cells |
front 107 what do osteoblasts do | back 107 build the bone |
front 108 what do osteoclasts do | back 108 break down the bone (type of macrophage) |
front 109 how are compact bones arranged | back 109 in units called osteons |
front 110 what are canaliculi | back 110 little valves that connect osteocytes |
front 111 what do all embryonic connective tissue begin as | back 111 mesenchyme |
front 112 what is the only way bones can grow in thickness/diameter | back 112 appositional growth |
front 113 what are the factors that affect bone growth | back 113 minerals, vitamins, hormones, exercise, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, vitamin C, and vitamin D |
front 114 what does calcium and phosphorus do for bones | back 114 makes bone matrix hard |
front 115 what is hypocalcemia | back 115 low blood calcium levels |
front 116 what is scurvy | back 116 disorder due to a lack of vitamin C |
front 117 what does a vitamin D deficiency cause in children | back 117 rickets |
front 118 what hormones affect bone growth | back 118 human growth hormone, insulin, thyroid hormones, estrogen, and testosterone |
front 119 what are the steps in fracture repair | back 119 formation of a fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling |
front 120 what is a greenstick fracture | back 120 bone breaks incompletely |
front 121 what are synarthroses joints | back 121 immovable joints |
front 122 what are amphiarthroses joints | back 122 slightly movable joints |
front 123 what are diarthroses joints | back 123 freely movable joints |
front 124 what joints are in the teeth | back 124 peg-in-socket joints |
front 125 what does hyaline cartilage do | back 125 gives strength |
front 126 what are most joints of the body | back 126 synovial joints |
front 127 what makes synovial fluid | back 127 inner synovial membrane (articular capsule) |
front 128 what is the purpose of synovial fluid | back 128 it lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage |
front 129 a patient has little pearly bumps near her fingertips and claims they are warts. What does she have? | back 129 osteoarthritis, as inflammation continues it pushes synovial fluid out into bumps on the skin |
front 130 where are hinge joints found | back 130 elbow and knees |
front 131 where are ball and socket joints found | back 131 hip and shoulders |
front 132 what is bursae | back 132 flattened fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid |
front 133 what is bursitis | back 133 inflammation of bursa, when the synovial fluid in bursae starts to crystallize with age |
front 134 what is the tendon sheath | back 134 elongated bursa that wraps around tendon |
front 135 what is tendonitis | back 135 inflammation of tendon sheath, caued by overuse |
front 136 what is osteoporosis | back 136 loss of bone salts and collagen fibers, increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity, more common in women |
front 137 older woman i sworkin gin the yard, there was a pop then she fell. what is her diagnosis | back 137 osteoporosis |
front 138 what is osteomalacia | back 138 loss of bone salts but not collagen due to poor diet, decreased absorption of calcium, and vitamin D deficiency |
front 139 what is osteomyelitis | back 139 infection of the bone most commonly by staphylococcus aureus |
front 140 what is osteoarthritis | back 140 inflammatory joint disease that is better in the morning and worse with work and worse on dominant side. |
front 141 what is rheumatoid arthritis | back 141 inflammatory joint disease that is worse in the mornings and better with work, equally bad on both sides, autoimmune attacks against collagen in the bones at joints, swan neck deformity, common i females |
front 142 what is gouty arthritis | back 142 build up of uric acid in joints due to metabolic problems, typically in males |
front 143 patient has pain in knees while running, rashes in hairline, bacteria, borrelia burgdorferi, hiding behind knees, what does she have | back 143 lyme disease |
front 144 patient is a 28 year old man with knee pain and positive for intracellular diplodocid, what does he have | back 144 gonorrhea |
front 145 patient is growing out of her shoes at 33. what does she have | back 145 acromegaly, too much growth hormone |
front 146 what is pristalsis | back 146 wave-like contraction of moving food along the tract distally |
front 147 what is segmentation | back 147 churning motion of moving food along the tract distally |
front 148 what are mechanoreceptors | back 148 detects change in shape and tells you to stop eating |
front 149 what are chemoreceptors | back 149 detects chemical composition, tests pH through each section of the GI tract |
front 150 what are short reflexes of the GI tract | back 150 enteric nerve plexuses respond to stimuli in GI tract (no need for central nervous system) |
front 151 what are long reflexes of the GI tract | back 151 response to stimuli inside or outside GI tract (no need for central nervous system) |
front 152 what is the visceral peritoneum | back 152 external surface of most digestive organs |
front 153 what is the parietal peritoneum | back 153 lines body wall |
front 154 what does the mesentery do | back 154 delivers blood to each section of body |
front 155 what are the retroperitoneal organs | back 155 posterior (behind) peritoneum |
front 156 What are the retroperitoneal organs | back 156 Suprarenal glands, aorta and inferior vena cava, duodenum, pancreas, uretes, colon, cisterna chyli, kidneys, esophagus, rectum (SAD PUCKER) |
front 157 what is the mucosa | back 157 lines the lumen, covered with a layer of mucous which protects us from digesting ourselves |
front 158 what is the lumen | back 158 space in the middle |
front 159 what is muscularis externa responsible for | back 159 segmentation and peristalsis |
front 160 what do sympathetic impulses do | back 160 inhibit digestive activities |
front 161 what do parasympathetic impulses do | back 161 simulate digestive activities |
front 162 what is the labial frenulum | back 162 median attachment of each lip to gum |
front 163 what is the hard palate | back 163 palatine bones and palatine processes |
front 164 what is the soft palate | back 164 formed of skeletal muscle |
front 165 which parts of the tongue contain taste buds | back 165 fungiform and circumvallate |
front 166 what part of the tongue don't contain taste buds | back 166 fillform |
front 167 what is the fat digesting enzyme found in the mouth | back 167 lingual lipase |
front 168 what is the enzyme that breaks down starches into simple sugars | back 168 amylase |
front 169 what glands produce saliva | back 169 parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
front 170 what is mumps | back 170 inflammation of parotid glands |
front 171 what is the hardest substance in the body | back 171 enamel |
front 172 what is under the enamel | back 172 dentin |
front 173 what is under the dentin | back 173 pulp cavity |
front 174 what is gingivitis | back 174 anaerobic bacteria infects the gums |
front 175 what is periodontitis | back 175 result of neglecting gingivitis |
front 176 what cells are the pharynx made of | back 176 stratified squamous epithelium lining |
front 177 what are the gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincters | back 177 surround cardial orifice |
front 178 what is heartburn | back 178 stomach acid regurgitates into esophagus, likely with excessive food/ drink or stress, can lead to esophagitis, esophageal ulcers, or esophageal cancer via barrett esophagus |
front 179 what is barrett esophagus | back 179 cells change from squamous to simple columnar at stomach due to excessive heartburn |
front 180 what do gastric clands produce | back 180 gastric juice |
front 181 what are the cell types of the gastric glands | back 181 mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells |
front 182 what do parietal cells secrete | back 182 hydrochloric acid (HCL) and intrinsic factor (glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestines) |
front 183 what do chief cells secrete | back 183 pepsin and lipages |
front 184 what are the hormones in the enteroendocrine cells | back 184 somatostatin (stops digestive enzymes) and gastrin (stimulates release of digestive enzymes) |
front 185 what is gastritis | back 185 inflammation caused by anything that breaches mucosal barrier |
front 186 what is a peptic or gastric ulcer | back 186 erosions of stomach wall, severe reflux, caused by the helicobacter pylori bacteria, bleed in upper GI, and urine looks like coffee grounds |
front 187 why is vitamin B12 needed in the body | back 187 for mature red blood cells |
front 188 what can happen if there was a lack of the intrinsic factor | back 188 pernicious anemia, treated with B12 injections |
front 189 how does the vagus nerve stimulation affect secretion | back 189 increases secretion |
front 190 how does the sympathetic stimulation affect secretion | back 190 decreases secretion |
front 191 what happens at the cephalic (reflex) phase of gastric secretion | back 191 conditioned reflex triggered by aroma, taste, thought, and sight |
front 192 what happens at the gastric phase of gastric secretion | back 192 lasts 3-4 hours, stimulated by distension peptides, low acidity, gastrin, enteroendocrine G cells stimulated by caffeine, peptides, rising pH --> gastrin |
front 193 what is the order of the subdivisions of the small intestines | back 193 duodenum --> jejunum --> ileum |
front 194 what are the circular folds of the small intestines | back 194 permanent folds that force chyme to slowly spiral through lumen which increases absorption |
front 195 what are the villi of the small intestines | back 195 extensions of mucosa with capillary bed and lacteal for absorption |
front 196 what are the microvilli of the small intestines (brush border) | back 196 contain enzymes for carbohydrate and protein digestion |
front 197 why does chemotherapy cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea | back 197 it targests rapidly dividing cells like the GI tract epithelium |
front 198 what do peyer's patches do | back 198 protect especially distal part of mucosa against bacteria |
front 199 what is the order of bile circulation | back 199 right and left hepatic ducts --> common hepatic duct --> cystic duct --> common bile duct --> hepatopancreatic duct --> empties through sphincter of oddi |
front 200 what are the liver lobules | back 200 composed of plates of hepatocytes (liver cells), filter and process nutrient-rich blood |
front 201 what is the protal triad at each corner of lobule (michey mouse sign) | back 201 hepatic artery: supplies oxygen (right ear) hepatic portal vein: brings nutrient-rich blood (face) bile duct: recieves bile from bile canaliculi (left ear) |
front 202 what is hepatitis | back 202 inflammation of the liver |
front 203 what is cirrhosis | back 203 progressive, chronic inflammation from chronic hepatitis or alcoholism |
front 204 what are gallstones (biliary calculi) | back 204 causes by high cholesterol; too few bile salts, obstruct flow of bile from gallbladder, 4 F's (forty, female, fat, freaky), pain in right upper quadrant and right shoulder |
front 205 what are the endocrine functions of the pancreas | back 205 pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon, alpha cells secrete glucagon (increases blood glucose), beta cells secrete insulin (decreases blood glucose), glucose goes into the cells where it can be used |
front 206 what are acini | back 206 clusters of secretory cells in the pancreas that secrete bicarbonate to balance pH of chyme, zymogen granules secrete the proenzyme |
front 207 what stimulates gallbladder contractions | back 207 CCK |
front 208 what does the ileocecal valve (sphincter) do | back 208 admits chyme into large intestine when gastroileal reflex enhances force of segmentation in ileum, and closes when chyme exerts backward pressure to prevent regurgitation into ileum |
front 209 what is the teniae coli of the large intestines | back 209 ribbon of smooth muscle |
front 210 what is the haustra of the large intestines | back 210 pouches that allow for expansion |
front 211 what is the job of the large intestines | back 211 storage until it is time to be released and the absorption of water |
front 212 patient has rebound tenderness pain in lower right quadrant - mcburney's point. what does this patient have? | back 212 appendicitis |
front 213 what makes up the internal anal sphincter | back 213 smooth muscle (no control) |
front 214 what makes up the external anal sphincter | back 214 skeletal muscle (control) |
front 215 what is reclaimed by the large intestines during digestion | back 215 vitamins (made by bacterial flora), water, and electrolytes (Na+ and Cl-) |
front 216 what is diverticulosis | back 216 having diverticula (little bumps / pimples) |
front 217 what is diverticulitis | back 217 inflammation of diverticula |
front 218 what is a common factor of irritable bowel syndrome | back 218 stress |
front 219 what are the fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestines | back 219 K, A, D, E |
front 220 what is celiac disease | back 220 immune reaction to gluten, typically in females, gluten causes villi and microvilli to flatten, thin body habitus |
front 221 what is tracheoesophageal fistula | back 221 opening between esophagus and trachea have abnormal communication, causes choking / gagging while feeding in babies |
front 222 what is cystic fibrosis | back 222 genetic disease, sodium channel problem, thick mucous that can block pancreatic duct and lungs |
front 223 patient has a two-week long history of bowel movement issues, x-ray shows an apple core lesion, what do they have | back 223 colon cancer |