types of muscular tissues

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

nervous tissues

◦ Detects changes in conditions inside and outside of the
body
◦ Generate electrical signal

◦ communication and sensing

neurons

Generates and conducts nerve impulses

neuroglia

◦ Provides metabolic and physical support of neurons
◦ 5:1 ratio when compared to the number of neurons

which tissues are widely disbursed throughout the body where are they mostly found?

epithelial and connective tissues and found within the body's organs

Bone tissue, blood and cartilage are types of which tissue?

connective

Epithelial tissue does not contain -----, while connective tissue does contain -----

blood vessels

why is the epithelial l tissue is always found adjacent to connective tissue?

to allows epithelial
tissue to receive the nutrients and oxygen that it needs, as well allow for removal of waste products

how are the epithelial tissue cells arranged?

in single or multiple layers

the function of epithelial tissue cells:

◦ Selective barrier to limit or allow
substances into/out of the body
◦ Release products produced by the cell
into free surfaces
◦ Protects against the abrasive
influences of the bod

surfaces of epithelial tissue

◦ apical

◦ lateral

◦ basal

◦ basement membrane

apical surface

may contain cilia or microvilli

lumen of the organ

lateral surface

faces the adjacent wall

has cell-cell junctions

basal surface

deepest layer

opposite of apical

Anchors epithelium to basement membrane

basement movement

Secreted by the epithelium

sits on a connective tissue

layers of epithelial tissues

simple - one layer

Pseudostratified - false layers

stratified - more than one layer

shapes of cells of epithelial tissues

squamous - flat

cuboidal - cube cells

columnar - taller than wide

transitional - stretch (squamous and cuboidal)

1. stratified squamous

2. stratified cuboidal

3. stratified Columnar

1. skin/mouth/vagina - protection

2. sweat glands - makes water and ions

3. mammary gland/larynx - mucus

1. simple squamous:

2. simple cuboidal :

3. simple columnar :

1. blo vess/lung - permits exch of nutri, gases ,wastes

2. kidney/glands - makes and abso water

3. digestive organs - abso nutri, produces mucus

exocrine glands

secrete
substances into ducts which are
then emptied onto skin or the
hollow organs

exocrine glands secretions

◦ Saliva
◦ Digestive enzymes
◦ Sweat
◦ Cerumen (ear wax)
◦ Sebum (oil

cells of connective tissues

◦ Fibroblasts
◦ Macrophages
◦ Plasma cells
◦ Mast cells
◦ Adipocytes

functions of connective tissues

◦ Binds, supports and strengthens other
body tissues
◦ Protects and insulates internal organs
◦ Compartmentalizes structures
◦ Blood serves as the main transport
system
◦ Adipose tissue stores energy
◦ Main source of our immune response

extracellular matrix of connective tissues

◦ Protein fibers
◦ Ground substanc

ground substance

◦ Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous or calcified
◦ Supports and binds cells, store water and allow for
exchange of substances between the blood and
cells

fibers

collagen - very strong and flexible

elastic - strong and stretches

reticular - support blo vess

blast cells

to sprout

able to undergo cell
division and then secrete the
extracellular matrix that is specific to
the tissue type

the source of connective tissue

is embryonic tissue

fibroblasts

◦ Large, flat and branching
◦ Typically MOST abundant

macrophages

◦ Develop from monocytes, a type
of white blood cell
◦ Irregularly shaped
◦ Are able to phagocytize bacteria
and cell debris
◦ Two types
◦ Fixed
◦ Wandering

adipocytes

fat cells

store triglycerides

around organ and beneath skin

mast cells

Produce histamine in response to
injury or infection

AREOLAR loose mature connective tissue

◦ Widely distributed, found in skin,
mucous membranes and around blood
vessels, nerves and organs
◦ Fx: strength, elasticity and suppor

ADIPOSE loose mature connective tissue

Fx: reduce heat loss, energy
reserve, supports and protects
organs

◦ Found wherever areolar tissue is
present: deep to the skin, around
the heart and kidneys, behind the
eyeball, within bone marrow and
pads joints

RETICULAR loose mature connective tissue

◦ Found in the supporting framework (stroma) of
the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone
marrow, portion of the basement membrane
and around blood vessels and muscles
◦ Fx: forms the stroma of organs, binds together
smooth muscle cells, filters out old RBC in the
spleen and microbes in the lymph node

REGULAR dense mature connective tissue

◦ Forms tendons, most ligaments
and aponeuroses
◦ Fx: provides strong attachment
between structures

IRREGULAR dense mature connective tissue

◦ Often exists in
sheets
◦ Fasciae, region of the
dermis of the skin,
periosteum,
pericardium, capsules
surrounding organs,
heart valves
◦ Fx: provides pulling
(tensile) strength

ELASTIC dense mature connective tissue

◦ Within lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries,
trachea, bronchial tubes, vocal cords, and
various ligaments
◦ Fx: allows stretching of various organ

HYALINE cartilage mature connective tissue

Most abundant
◦ Ends of long bones, nose, ribs, part of
larynx, trachea, bronchi, embryonic
and fetal skeleton
◦ Fx: provides smooth surface for
movement at joints, flexibility and
support

FIBROCARTILLAGE cartilage mature connective tissue

◦ Located in the pubic symphysis,
intervertebral disc, menisci of
knees and some tendons
◦ Fx: To support and join structures
together

ELASTIC cartilage mature connective tissue

◦ Found in the epiglottis,
external ear and auditory tubes
◦ Fx: provides strength and
flexibility to structures, while
maintaining their shapE

COMPACT bone mature connective tissue

◦ Unit: Osteon
◦ Lamallae: consists of Ca++/P
◦ Lacunae: contain osteocytes
◦ Canaliculi: pathway for osteocytes to receive nutrients
◦ Central canal: contain blood vessels and nerves

SPONGY bone mature connective tissue

Does not have osteons, but have columns of bone called
trabeculae
◦ Contains lamallae, oseteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi
◦ Red bone marrow fill the spaces between the trabeculae

BLOOD liquid mature connective tissue

◦ Extracellular matrix = plasma
◦ Formed elements = cells
◦ Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
◦ Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
removal
◦ White blood cells (leukocytes)
◦ Phagocytosis, immunity and allergic reactions
◦ Platelets (thrombocytes)
◦ Necessary for clotting

Mucous membrane

◦ Epithelial layer
◦ Connective tissue layer
◦ Lamina Propria
◦ Supports epithelium
◦ Bind
◦ Allows flexibility
◦ Protection

serous membrane

◦ Secretes a watery lubricant (serous fluids)
◦ Two parts:
◦ Parietal
◦ Visceral

cutaneous membrane

skin

superficial: epidermis

deep:dermis

synovial

◦ Lines the space where bones come togetherjoints
◦ Do not have an epithelium
◦ Consists of cells that are not continuous (synoviocytes)
and also contain areolar and adipose connective tissues
◦ Synovial fluid
◦ Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones of
moveable joints
◦ Contain macrophages

Physical signs of aging

◦ Wrinkles
◦ Thinning of bone with increased risk of fractures
◦ Muscle atrophy
◦ Pain and crepitus in joints