front 1 Anatomy | back 1 Study of internal and external structures ex: bones-femur Protein fiber-collagen |
front 2 Physiology | back 2 Study of function of cells, tissues organs. Example in a stressful situation cortisol is released. |
front 3 Gross anatomy | back 3 Large structures, example femur |
front 4 Histology | back 4 Study of tissues, example, adipose |
front 5 Describe the levels of complexity, involved in living organisms, starting with atoms and ending with organisms. | back 5 Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ systems, organism |
front 6 Intracellular | back 6 The fluid interior of the cell |
front 7 Extracellular | back 7 The fluid environment outside the enclosure of the cell membrane |
front 8 Two parts of extracellular | back 8 Plasma, interstitial |
front 9 Plasma | back 9 Extracellular matrix |
front 10 interstitial | back 10 Term given to extracellular fluid, not contained within blood vessels |
front 11 Tissue | back 11 A group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function |
front 12 Organ | back 12 Anatomically, distinct structure of the body, composed of two or more tissue types |
front 13 Organ system | back 13 A group of organs that work together to perform major functions |
front 14 Cardiovascular | back 14 Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues |
front 15 Respiratory | back 15 Removes carbon dioxide from the body |
front 16 Digestive | back 16 Processes food for use by body |
front 17 Endocrine | back 17 Secrete hormones |
front 18 urinary | back 18 Controls water balance |
front 19 Immune/lymphatic | back 19 Return fluid to blood |
front 20 Integumentary | back 20 Encloses internal structures |
front 21 Muscular | back 21 Enables movement |
front 22 Skeletal | back 22 Support body Enables movement |
front 23 Nervous | back 23 Detect and process of sensory info |
front 24 Homeostasis | back 24 State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things |
front 25 Define negative feedback loop | back 25 A mechanism that reverses, a deviation from a setpoint, maintains body parameters within normal range |
front 26 Describe an example of a negative feedback in the body, using terms sensor, control center, effector, and response | back 26 Setpoint is glucose too high Sensor: pancreas cells, measure blood glucose Control center: pancreas cells, release, insulin to bloodstream Effector: liver cells, respond to insulin by taking in glucose Blood glucose is reduced |
front 27 Define positive feedback loop and give specific examples | back 27 Intensifies a change in the bodies physiological condition, rather than reversing it Childbirth: as fetus increases pressure it leads to increased uterus contractions |
front 28 Explain how gradient and resistance influence the flow of substances | back 28 Resistance: membrane prevents salutes from crossing |
front 29 Gap junction | back 29 Intercellular channels that permit, direct cell transfer of ions and small molecules |
front 30 Tight junctions | back 30 Closely associated areas of Z cells whose membranes joined together to form a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid |
front 31 Anchoring junction | back 31 Mechanically attaches a cell to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix |
front 32 Name the four basic tissue types in the human body | back 32 Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
front 33 Describe the general features of epithelial tissues, and give the criteria by which they are classified | back 33 Squamous: flattened and thin Cuboidal: boxy, wide, as it is tall Columnar: rectangular |
front 34 Describe the location and structure of the basement membrane. | back 34 Deep to the epithelial cells, layer between epithelial and deeper tissue, which is often connective tissue |
front 35 Simple, squamous, epithelium | back 35 Location: air sacks of lungs, lining of heart Function: allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances |
front 36 Simple, cuboidal, epithelium | back 36 Location: Kidneys Function: secrete and absorbs |
front 37 Simple, columnar, epithelium Location and function | back 37 Location: Digestive tract, Bladder, Uterine tubes Function: absorbs |
front 38 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Location and function | back 38 Location :Trachea Function: Moves mucus |
front 39 Stratified squamous epithelium | back 39 Location: Esophagus, mouth Function: protects against abrasion |
front 40 Stratified cuboidal epithelium | back 40 Location: memory glands, sweat glands Function: protective tissue |
front 41 Stratified columnar epithelium | back 41 Location: male and female urethra Function: secrets and protects |
front 42 Transitional epithelium | back 42 Location: bladder Function: Allows expansion and stretching |
front 43 Compare the structure and function of microvilli and cilia | back 43 cilia are longer and thicker than microvilli, Cilia can move while microvilli cannot. Cilia our hair like. Microvilli folded membranes. |
front 44 Describe the general features of connective tissue | back 44 Connect tissues and organs, protection, transport fluid, nutrients, waste, chemical messengers |
front 45 What types of extra cellular material are found in the connective tissue | back 45 Matrix and connective tissue |
front 46 What cells, fiber, and ground substance are in loose, areola, connective tissue? | back 46 Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells Fiber: collagen and elastic Ground substance: gel like |
front 47 What cells, fibers, ground substance are in adipose connective tissue? | back 47 Cells: adipocytes, fat fiber: none ground substance: solid |
front 48 What cells, fibers, ground substance is in reticular connective tissue? | back 48 Cells: White blood cells, mast, cells, and macrophages Fiber: reticular Ground substance: Typically a loose substance |
front 49 Cells and fibers, are in dense, irregular connective tissue? | back 49 Cells: fibroblasts Fiber: collagen and a few elastic |
front 50 What cells and fibers are dense regular connective tissue? | back 50 Cells: fibroblasts fibers: collagen and elastic |
front 51 What produces the matrix in Hyline cartilage? | back 51 Chondroblast |
front 52 What lies in the lacunae of Hyline cartilage? | back 52 chondrocytes |
front 53 Osteo | back 53 Relating to bone |
front 54 Erythro | back 54 Red or reddish |
front 55 Leuko- | back 55 White |
front 56 Chondro | back 56 Cartilage |
front 57 -blast | back 57 Building cell |
front 58 -cyte | back 58 Mature cell |
front 59 -clast | back 59 Break or destructive cell |
front 60 Why do damage tensions or cartilage heal mite then damage skin, or bone? | back 60 Lack of active blood flow |
front 61 Where are fiber example collagen in connective tissue synthesized? | back 61 Through whatever cell type is near the fibroblast |
front 62 How do fibers get into the extracellular matrix? | back 62 Through the ribosomes, modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus then into transport vesicles into the cell membrane |
front 63 Describe skeletal muscle tissue | back 63 striations, Long, wide, multinucleated |
front 64 Describe cardiac muscle? | back 64 striated, has intercalated discs, different directions |
front 65 Describe smooth muscle | back 65 no striations, long, smooth, spindle shaped |
front 66 Define intercalated | back 66 Lines responsible for connecting the cardiac muscles |
front 67 What are the three muscle tissues? | back 67 Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
front 68 Describe the components of nervous tissue? | back 68 Cell body of neuron, axons, dendrites,glial cells |
front 69 Hypertrophy | back 69 Increase in cell size |
front 70 Atrophy | back 70 Decrease in size |
front 71 Hyperplasia | back 71 Increase in cell number |
front 72 Explain why the integumentary system can be classified as a system? | back 72 Made of tissues that work together as a single structure to preform functions |
front 73 What are the functions of the Integumentary system? | back 73 Protection, insulation and cushions, prevents water loss, vitamin D synthesis, sensory, excretion and absorption |
front 74 Identify 5 strata in the epidermis? | back 74 Stratum: corneum granulosum spinosum basale |
front 75 What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of? | back 75 Stratified squamous epithelium |
front 76 What layer of strata contains melanocytes? | back 76 Basale |
front 77 What layer of strata contains epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans)? | back 77 Spinosum |
front 78 Function of melanocytes? | back 78 A cell that produces melanin |
front 79 Function of Langerhans cell? | back 79 Engulfs bacteria, foreign bacteria and damaged cells |
front 80 Difference between thin and thick skin? | back 80 Thick skin has thinner dermis and doesn’t contain hairs. Thin skin is most the body and thick covers fingertips, palms, soles of feet |
front 81 What cell junction is found in the epidermis? Their function. | back 81 Anchoring- hemidesmosomes, they connect the basale to the basement membrane Gap- diffusion |
front 82 Describe the dermis | back 82 It is the core of the integumentary system, 2 layers of connective tissues composed of interconnected mesh like elastin and collagen fibers. |
front 83 What tissues make up papillary of the dermis? | back 83 Loose areolar connective tissues |
front 84 What tissues make up reticular layer of the dermis? | back 84 Irregular connective tissues |
front 85 Describe papillary dermis? | back 85 Most superficial dermal region, very uneven, fingerlike projections from its superior surface. Pain and touch receptors are found here. |
front 86 Describe Reticular dermis ? | back 86 Deepest skin layer. Contains many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands, pressure receptors are found here. |
front 87 Function of eccrine sweat glands | back 87 Maintain homeostasis, stabilized temperature, cool body down |
front 88 Function of Apocrine sweat glands | back 88 Scent glands |
front 89 Function of Sebaceous gland | back 89 Produce an oily matter, called sebum, found in hair follicles |
front 90 Function of Collagen and elastic fibers | back 90 Strength and elasticity |
front 91 Function of lamellar corpuscles | back 91 Sensory receptors for vibration and deep pressure |
front 92 Function of Tactile corpuscles | back 92 Sensitive to fine or light touch |
front 93 Function of Free nerve endings | back 93 Detect, mechanical, stimuli, like touch, pressure, stretch, or danger |
front 94 Identify the hypodermis and name the tissues that make it up | back 94 Layer directly below dermis and serves to connect the skin to fibrous
tissue of bone and muscle |
front 95 Describe how temperature melanin, oxygen saturation and diet contribute to the color of the skin | back 95 They cause melanin to be manufactured and built up in keratinocytes, where they secrete chemicals that stimulate melanocytes. Accumulation causes skin to darken. |
front 96 Identify the location, type of tissue and function of the arrector pili muscles? | back 96 Location: dermis Tissue type: smooth muscle Function: raise the hair |
front 97 Explain how the epidermis protects deeper tissues from invading microorganisms | back 97 Keratinocytes are first line of innate immune defense |
front 98 Explain how the epidermis protects deeper tissue from ultraviolet radiation | back 98 Melanin |
front 99 Explain how the epidermis protects deeper tissue from abrasion | back 99 corneocytes, strong dead keratinocytes |
front 100 Explain how epidermis protects deeper tissue from water loss | back 100 Keratin synthesizes releases glycolipid |
front 101 What is about the tissue of the dermis that allows it to resist hearing from pokes and stretches? | back 101 Mechanical properties, collagen, and elastin in the thick layer of fibrous and elastic tissue |
front 102 Describe the response of the integumentary system to an increase in body temperature above normal | back 102 Eccrine sweat glands, allow temp control by secretion sweat evaporating thus cooling down the body |
front 103 Explain how Sweat gland responses help return the body to normal | back 103 Thermal regulation is regulated by dilation or construction of heat, carrying blood vessels |
front 104 Explain the response to decreased body temperatures | back 104 Inhibition to excessive sweating, decreases blood flow to the papillary layers |
front 105 Explain the role of ultraviolet, radiation, and vitamin D production | back 105 Energy that stimulates vitamin D production |
front 106 What organs, modify vitamin D, to make Calcitrol? | back 106 Kidneys and liver |
front 107 Give the function of vitamin D | back 107 Increases calcium, absorption, immune boosting effects |
front 108 Differentiate between first-degree secondary, and third-degree burns by indicating which layers of the skin are involved with each burn type | back 108 First-degree, epidermis only, degree, epidermidis and dermis layers, third-degree reaches into all three layers. |
front 109 As the epidermis heals from an injury, what specific layer of cells replaced damage cells? | back 109 stratum basale- keratinocytes mobilize and divide rapidly to repair by collagen forming |
front 110 What is the name of the cellular reproduction process in replacing damage cells from an injury in the epidermis | back 110 Mitosis |
front 111 How does the dermis heal from an injury? | back 111 Red blood cells help create collagen that form a foundation to start filling in with new tissue. |
front 112 Distinguish between basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma, with respect to the cells involved and the seriousness of cancer. | back 112 Basale- affects mitotically active stem cells in the Basale, most common squamous- affects keratinocytes of the spinosum, 2nd most common melanoma- uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, most fatal |
front 113 What is metastasis in which type of skin cancer is most likely to metastasize? | back 113 Melanoma |
front 114 What do melanocytes do? | back 114 Dictate skin color through the amount of melanin it produces |
front 115 What do Langerhans cells do? | back 115 They since danger and foreign bodies |
front 116 What gives hair color on the skin? | back 116 Melanocytes in the basale layer |
front 117 Where does squamous cell carcinoma start? | back 117 Keratinocytes in the spinosum layer |
front 118 Where does melanoma start? | back 118 In in the melanocytes in the Basale layer |
front 119 What does basal cell carcinoma affect? | back 119 Effects, mitotically, active stem cells |
front 120 Where does ribosomes make proteins? | back 120 In the rough ER |
front 121 Golgi bodies do what? | back 121 Receives protein from rough ER modifies and packages them |
front 122 What happens to the protein after it’s packaged and transported from the Golgi apparatus? | back 122 secreted out of the cell into the basement membrane |