Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 1 of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Study of internal and external structures

ex: bones-femur

Protein fiber-collagen

Study of function of cells, tissues organs. Example in a stressful situation cortisol is released.

Large structures, example femur

Study of tissues, example, adipose

Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ systems, organism

The fluid interior of the cell

The fluid environment outside the enclosure of the cell membrane

Plasma, interstitial

Extracellular matrix

Term given to extracellular fluid, not contained within blood vessels

A group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

Anatomically, distinct structure of the body, composed of two or more tissue types

A group of organs that work together to perform major functions

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Equalizes temp body

Removes carbon dioxide from the body
Delivers oxygen to blood

Processes food for use by body
Removes waste from digested food

Secrete hormones
Regulates bodily processes

Controls water balance
Removes waste from body and excrete them

Return fluid to blood
Defense against pathogens

Encloses internal structures
Site of many sensory receptors

Enables movement
Helps maintain body temp

Support body

Enables movement

Detect and process of sensory info
Activates bodily responses

State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

A mechanism that reverses, a deviation from a setpoint, maintains body parameters within normal range

Setpoint is glucose too high

Sensor: pancreas cells, measure blood glucose

Control center: pancreas cells, release, insulin to bloodstream

Effector: liver cells, respond to insulin by taking in glucose

Blood glucose is reduced

Intensifies a change in the bodies physiological condition, rather than reversing it

Childbirth: as fetus increases pressure it leads to increased uterus contractions

Resistance: membrane prevents salutes from crossing
Gradient: high to low, that determines direction of flow

Intercellular channels that permit, direct cell transfer of ions and small molecules

Closely associated areas of Z cells whose membranes joined together to form a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid

Mechanically attaches a cell to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Squamous: flattened and thin

Cuboidal: boxy, wide, as it is tall

Columnar: rectangular

Deep to the epithelial cells, layer between epithelial and deeper tissue, which is often connective tissue

Location: air sacks of lungs, lining of heart

Function: allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances

Location: Kidneys

Function: secrete and absorbs

Location: Digestive tract, Bladder, Uterine tubes

Function: absorbs

Location :Trachea

Function: Moves mucus

Location: Esophagus, mouth

Function: protects against abrasion

Location: memory glands, sweat glands

Function: protective tissue

Location: male and female urethra

Function: secrets and protects

Location: bladder

Function: Allows expansion and stretching

cilia are longer and thicker than microvilli, Cilia can move while microvilli cannot. Cilia our hair like. Microvilli folded membranes.

Connect tissues and organs, protection, transport fluid, nutrients, waste, chemical messengers

Matrix and connective tissue

Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells

Fiber: collagen and elastic

Ground substance: gel like

Cells: adipocytes, fat

fiber: none

ground substance: solid

Cells: White blood cells, mast, cells, and macrophages

Fiber: reticular

Ground substance: Typically a loose substance

Cells: fibroblasts

Fiber: collagen and a few elastic

Cells: fibroblasts

fibers: collagen and elastic

Chondroblast

chondrocytes

Relating to bone

Red or reddish

White

Cartilage

Building cell

Mature cell

Break or destructive cell

Lack of active blood flow

Through whatever cell type is near the fibroblast

Through the ribosomes, modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus then into transport vesicles into the cell membrane

striations, Long, wide, multinucleated

striated, has intercalated discs, different directions

no striations, long, smooth, spindle shaped

Lines responsible for connecting the cardiac muscles

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Cell body of neuron, axons, dendrites,glial cells

Increase in cell size

Decrease in size

Increase in cell number

Made of tissues that work together as a single structure to preform functions

Protection, insulation and cushions, prevents water loss, vitamin D synthesis, sensory, excretion and absorption

Stratum:

corneum

granulosum

spinosum

basale

Stratified squamous epithelium

Basale

Spinosum

A cell that produces melanin

Engulfs bacteria, foreign bacteria and damaged cells

Thick skin has thinner dermis and doesn’t contain hairs. Thin skin is most the body and thick covers fingertips, palms, soles of feet

Anchoring- hemidesmosomes, they connect the basale to the basement membrane

Gap- diffusion

It is the core of the integumentary system, 2 layers of connective tissues composed of interconnected mesh like elastin and collagen fibers.

Loose areolar connective tissues

Irregular connective tissues

Most superficial dermal region, very uneven, fingerlike projections from its superior surface. Pain and touch receptors are found here.

Deepest skin layer. Contains many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands, pressure receptors are found here.

Maintain homeostasis, stabilized temperature, cool body down

Scent glands

Produce an oily matter, called sebum, found in hair follicles

Strength and elasticity

Sensory receptors for vibration and deep pressure

Sensitive to fine or light touch

Detect, mechanical, stimuli, like touch, pressure, stretch, or danger

Layer directly below dermis and serves to connect the skin to fibrous tissue of bone and muscle
Loose areolar connective, tissue and adipose

They cause melanin to be manufactured and built up in keratinocytes, where they secrete chemicals that stimulate melanocytes. Accumulation causes skin to darken.

Location: dermis

Tissue type: smooth muscle

Function: raise the hair

Keratinocytes are first line of innate immune defense

Melanin

corneocytes, strong dead keratinocytes

Keratin synthesizes releases glycolipid

Mechanical properties, collagen, and elastin in the thick layer of fibrous and elastic tissue

Eccrine sweat glands, allow temp control by secretion sweat evaporating thus cooling down the body

Thermal regulation is regulated by dilation or construction of heat, carrying blood vessels

Inhibition to excessive sweating, decreases blood flow to the papillary layers

Energy that stimulates vitamin D production

Kidneys and liver

Increases calcium, absorption, immune boosting effects

First-degree, epidermis only, degree, epidermidis and dermis layers, third-degree reaches into all three layers.

stratum basale- keratinocytes mobilize and divide rapidly to repair by collagen forming

Mitosis

Red blood cells help create collagen that form a foundation to start filling in with new tissue.

Basale- affects mitotically active stem cells in the Basale, most common

squamous- affects keratinocytes of the spinosum, 2nd most common

melanoma- uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, most fatal

Melanoma

Dictate skin color through the amount of melanin it produces

They since danger and foreign bodies

Melanocytes in the basale layer

Keratinocytes in the spinosum layer

In in the melanocytes in the Basale layer

Effects, mitotically, active stem cells

In the rough ER

Receives protein from rough ER modifies and packages them

secreted out of the cell into the basement membrane