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  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
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To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

45 notecards = 12 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

[Biomech Final] Gait

front 1

2 Main Gait Cycles

back 1

  1. stance
  2. swing

front 2

Stance Phase cycles (60% of the time)

back 2

  1. Loading response (foot flat)
  2. Mid Stance
  3. Terminal Stance (heel off)
  4. Pre-Swing (toe off)

front 3

Swing Phases Cycles (40% if the time)

back 3

  1. initial swing (acceleration)
  2. midswing (toe-off)
  3. Terminal swing (deacceleration)

front 4

Heel strike -> foot flat (ANKLE)

back 4

  • Neutral @ ankle joint (no PF/DF)
  • => 15* plantarflexion @ankle joint
  • movement controlled
  • Dorsiflexors(antagonist): eccentric contraction

front 5

Flat foot -> mid-stance (KNEE)

back 5

  • Foot flat: 15* flexion
  • Midstance: 5* flexion
    • Net movement: 10* extension
  • Mov AGAINST gravity = MOV produced
    • Quadriceps(antagonist): concentric contraction

front 6

Heel off -> toe off (KNEE)

back 6

  • flexion
  • quadriceps(eccentric): control movement

front 7

Heel off -> toe off (HIP)

back 7

  • flexion
  • Hip flexors (concentric): produce movement

front 8

Heel off -> toe off (ANKLE)

back 8

  • flexion
  • plantarflexion (concentric): produce movement

front 9

Concentric contractions

back 9

  • Produces movement
  • Moving against gravity

front 10

Eccentric contractions

back 10

  • Control movement
  • moving towards gravity

front 11

Isometric contraction

back 11

  • stabilizing movement

front 12

Straide

back 12

  • 0%: (Right heel contact) // 50%: (left heel contact) // 100%: (right heel contact)
  • Length: 144 cm
  • Average human walking speed: 1.37 meter/sec

front 13

Weird pace (walk->fast walk)

back 13

  • @4-5mph

front 14

More speed during walk means(bruce protocol)?

back 14

  • less time in stance
  • transition into running

front 15

Stance and swing phase (limb support)

back 15

  1. double limb support (10%)
  2. single limb support on RIGHT (40%)
  3. Double limb support (10%)
  4. Single limb support on LEFT (40%)

front 16

More time on double limb support (slower)?

back 16

  • helps with balance
  • spend more time on swing

front 17

Events during stance and swing phases

back 17

  1. Heel contact (0%)
  2. Foot flat (8%)
  3. Midstance (30%)
  4. Heel off (40%)
    1. PUSH OFF
  5. toe-off (60%)
    1. early swing // mid swing // late swing
  6. Heel contact (100%)

front 18

Periods of stance and Swing

back 18

  1. loading phase
  2. mid-stance
  3. terminal stance
  4. pre-swing
  5. initial swing
  6. mid-swing
  7. terminal swing

front 19

Events during stance and swing phases (SPECIFIC)

back 19

  1. Initial contact (0%)
  2. Opposite toe off (10%)
    1. mid-stance
  3. Heel raise (30%)
  4. Opposite initial contact (50%)
  5. toe-off (60%)
    1. early swing // mid swing // late swing
  6. Feet adjacent (73%)
  7. Tibial vertical (87%)
  8. Next initial contact (100%)

front 20

Displacement of COM (vertical)

back 20

  • 5cm displacement // HIGH BoB
    • Heel raise + midstance// switch to next leg
  • 0cm displacement // LOW BOB
    • torque creates unilateral swing self-forward
    • SWING PHASE = NO CHANGE

front 21

Displacement of COM(lateral)

back 21

  • 4cm
    • total displacement (L+R)
  • 2cm (each)
    • Right leg @30% (1st heel/switch off)
    • Left leg @80% (2nd heel/switch off)

front 22

Joint kinematics: Sagittal Plane (all) PIC

back 22

  1. Pelvis
  2. Hip joint
  3. knee joint
  4. ankle joint

front 23

Joint kinematics: Sagittal Plane (Pelvis) PIC

back 23

  1. Posterior tilt (tilt back) = -5*
    1. heel strike -> heel plant
  2. Anterior tilt (forward) = +*5
    1. heel plant -> heel raise -> knee bend
  3. Posterior tilt (tilt back) = -5*
    1. knee bend -> full knee bend -> leg initial swing
  4. Anterior tilt (forward) = +*5
    1. initial leg swing -> final swing

front 24

Joint kinematics: Sagittal Plane (Hip Joint) PIC

back 24

  1. Flexion (+30*)
    1. heel strike down
  2. Extension (-10*)
    1. heel raise / toe-off
  3. Flexion (+30*)
    1. heel raise -> terminal swing

front 25

Joint kinematics: Sagittal Plane (Knee Joint) PIC

back 25

ALL FLEXION

  1. @10*
    1. heel contact/strike
  2. @20*
    1. foot flat // shock absorber
  3. @2* (lowest)
    1. heel raise (end of stance // pre-swing)
  4. @60* (highest)
    1. start of swing (ext->flex) // clear legs
  5. @2* lowest
    1. terminal swing

front 26

Joint kinematics: Sagittal Plane (Ankle) PIC

back 26

  1. Plantar flexion (-10*)
    1. toe up // heel strike
  2. Dorsiflexion (10*)
    1. heel strike -> foot flat (propelling)
  3. Plantarflexion (-20*)
    1. fast transfer of range // initial heel raise
  4. Dorsiflexion (1*)
    1. initial knee bend + pre-swing
  5. Plantar Flexion (-1*)
    1. leg clears and terminates swing

front 27

Kinetic + potential energy

back 27

  • Inverse relationship
  • Potential Energy (HIGH)
    • B4 footplant -> B4 heel raise+knee bend -> heel strike
  • Kinetic Energy (HIGH)
    • Foot complete plant -> midswing

front 28

Kinetic Kinematics (x2)

back 28

  • Pelvic + hip
  • Subtalar joint

front 29

Kinetic Kinematics: Pelvic+Hip

back 29

  • Pelvic
    • -1.5 // Left side lower (heel contact = drop)
    • zero cm ( midstance, pitch up pelvis)
    • 1.5 // Left side higher (heel raise // pelvis raise)
  • Hip
    • LOW Adduction: foot plant (cowboy mini lunge out => absorb weight)
    • HIGH Abduction: pre-swing (raise heel)

front 30

Kinetic Kinematics: Subtalar Joint

back 30

  • Inversion (high)
    • land in lock
  • Eversion (low)
    • unlock // pronation // shock absorption // transfer force
  • Inversion (HIGH)
    • lock // producing force
    • rigid level for plantar flexion

front 31

Joint Kinematics: Horizontal plane // COWBOY BELT BUCKLE

back 31

  1. Stance Phase (internal rot peak @foot flat)(external rot low @pre-swing)
    1. Pelvis (highest)
    2. Femur (dip @initial heel raise)
    3. Tibia (dip @initial heel raise)
  2. Swing Phase (ext. rot low @pre-swing)(internal rot high @terminate swing)
    1. Pelvis (highest)
    2. Femur (dip @initial heel raise)
    3. Tibia (dip @initial heel raise)

front 32

Hip kinematics (horizontal plane)

back 32

  1. LOW internal rot: heel strike
  2. HIGH IR: inital knee bend (after foot plant)
  3. LOW ER: midswing -> terminal swing
    1. shift weight to opposing foot you're going

front 33

Lower extremity kinematics (horizontal plane): graph pic

back 33

no data

front 34

Energy expenditure graph

back 34

  • NEED HIGH ENERGY = to go slow
  • NEED LOW ENERGY = to go fast

front 35

Energy expenditure rank

back 35

  1. post cerebral accident (mod-severe residual deficits)
  2. unilateral transfemoral amputation (w/ prosthesis)
    1. unilateral transtibial amputation (w/ prosthesis)
    2. immobilization 1 knee @45*
  3. Immobilization of 1 hip
    1. immobilization of 1 knee @full extension
  4. Immobilization of 1 ankle

front 36

5 energy saving strategies

back 36

  1. horizontal plane pelvic rotation
    1. LOW down displacement of COM
  2. sagittal plane ankle rotation
    1. LOW down displacement of COM
  3. frontal plane pelvic rotation
    1. LOW UP displacement of COM
  4. frontal plane hip rotation
    1. LOW s2s of COM

front 37

Muscle Activity (Hip/Butt/Thigh)

back 37

  • Muscles
    • errector spinae // rector abdomins // gluteus maximus // iliopsoas // satorius // gluteus medius // gluteus minimus // tensor fascia lata // adductor magnus // adductor longus
  • ON activation in the beginning
    • shock absorbtion
  • ON at b4 MIDSTANCE
    • preparing to swing leg forward
  • ON at terminal swing
    • need high trunk control / not fall foward

front 38

Muscle activity (Thigh/Calf/Foot)

back 38

no data

front 39

Muscle activity: erector spinae

back 39

  • hip extension: keeps from falling from flexion
  • ON = heel contact + swing / heel raise
    • quad turns on // from extensor + flung forward // create flexion torque = need to counteract
    • when trunk control is highest
  • OFF = midstance

front 40

Muscle activity: rectus abdominus

back 40

  • flexor
  • gravity pulling down but not want flexor
  • ON= kee pelvis stable during swing

front 41

Muscle activity: gluteus medius

back 41

  • hip extensor
  • need to create hip extension (4 shock absorption)

front 42

Muscle activity: tensor fascia

back 42

  • 30% single-leg stance
  • abduction (IT band)(PREVENT TIP OVER)

front 43

Muscle activity: Why is soleus and gastric most active at middle phase?

back 43

  • at midstance -> heel off: needs to turn on calves to propel leg foward

front 44

at midstance of gait what does hip abduction doing?

back 44

  • allowing the swing leg to advance toward the next step
  • generating moments of force to control frontal plane movement.

front 45

Muscle activity of midstance to heel off

back 45

  • midstance
    • tibial progression stops // calf turns on + holds tibia stable
  • heel off
    • gastrocnemius slows tibia down (tibia thrown forward)