front 1 Macroevolution | back 1 evolution above species level, origination, diversification, and extinction of species over time |
front 2 Microevolution | back 2 evolution within populations, changes in allele frequencies (both adaptive and neutral changes) |
front 3 Biogeography | back 3 study of distribution of species across space and time
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front 4 Species richness patterns | back 4 increase from polar to tropics -> latitudinal species richness gradient |
front 5 Peninsular effect | back 5 organisms unaware of other islands via tree height, do not leave original island Panama has high diversity due to continent interchange and mountainous landscape (allopatric speciation/speciation) |
front 6 Species-time hypothesis | back 6 communities diversify (new species) with time, temperate less rich than tropical due to younger age (only recently recovered from ice age) |
front 7 Species-area hypothesis | back 7 large areas have more species than small areas due to being able to support larger pop. (more resistant to extinction) and range of habitats |
front 8 Species-energy hypothesis | back 8 available energy determines species richness, increased solar + water = more plants, more plant production -> more herbivores -> more predators, parasites, and scavengers |
front 9 tropics have | back 9 largest land area |
front 10 Hummingbirds | back 10 originated in south america, ocean creates harder migration/dispersal routes, some did cross over via panama land bridge |
front 11 Coral reefs | back 11 more so in pacific than atlantic due to origination and more hurricanes in atlantic |
front 12 fauna | back 12 assemblage of different animals species that live together (in ecosystem, region, or whole planet) |
front 13 flora | back 13 assemblage of diff. Plant specie the live together |
front 14 dispersal | back 14 movement of populations from one region to another with limited or no return exchange |
front 15 vicariance | back 15 formation of geographic barriers to dispersal that divide a once continuous (living together) population distinct phylogenetic signature. Example: marsupials (only found in australia and the americas) evolved via dispersal and vicariance |
front 16 Interplay between speciation and extinction determines diversity | back 16 D1 (diversity) + originations – extinctions = D2 (new diversity) new species originating faster than old species become extinct fauna change in diversity due to intrinsic properties from large-scale changes in climate or environment |
front 17 Standing diversity | back 17 # of species (OTU) present in particular area at given time, origination and extinction rates determine this number |
front 18 Three evolutionary faunas | back 18 1. Cambrian 2. Paleozoic 3. Modern |
front 19 Tidbit | back 19 high number of beetles due to new species originating faster than old species become extinct |
front 20 taxonomic diversity is | back 20 positively correlated with mean temperature |
front 21 anagenesis | back 21 wholesale transformation of lineage from one form to another (alt to splitting lineage or speciation) |
front 22 punctuated equilibrium | back 22 periods of stasis punctuated by periods of change (associated with speciation events) (metrarabdotos fit the pattern) |
front 23 Gradualism | back 23 slow, gradual morphological changes over time (can incllude speciation event; traditional view) |
front 24 incomplete fossil records | back 24
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front 25 adaptive radiation | back 25 when α (origination rate) eclipses Ω (extinction rate) [ex. silverswords in the hawaiian archipelago] |
front 26 Key innovation | back 26 enables adaptive radiation, is a novel trait that allows subsequent radiation and success of a clade Example: evolution of nectar spurs allowed columbine (flowers) clade to diversify rapidly (radiation) |
front 27 the cambrian explosion arose long after | back 27 animals began to diversify |
front 28 fossil record documents how | back 28 animal phyla emerged |
front 29 ecology of ocean changed during | back 29 cambrian, giving rise to new species cloudina- predator earliest signs |
front 30 Background extinction | back 30 normal rate of extinction for taxa or biota |
front 31 Mass extinction | back 31 statistically significant increase above background extinction rates Example: asteroid 66 mya -> mass extinction, known via K-T boundary with high levels of rare iridium, impact crater near yucatan, and quartz crystals |
front 32 Human emissions currently responsible for | back 32 imbalance in earth’s energy budget -> global warming, etc. However, diversity is positively correlated with mean temperature |
front 33 ocean acidification | back 33 is the decrease in the pH of the earth's ocean average fell and primary cause are human carbon dioxide emissions |
front 34 Biotic factors | back 34 habitat loss via deforestation (i.e. tigers) is biggest biotic factor, others are invasive species, pollution, and direct exploitation |
front 35 Abiotic factors | back 35 carbon dioxide emission increase -> warmer temps Leads to ocean acidification: decrease in ocean pH due to increasing CO2 levels and depletion of oxygen |