Print micro test 2 lecture 1 flashcards

micro test 2 lecture 1

front 1 10/10	back 1 past, current, "conquered" plagues
front 2 THE plague	back 2 the plague sickness had 3 major human pandemics Justinian's plague black death + subsequent epidemics asia this was the worst plague we know of these 3 bad episodes of this pandemic in historic times (written history) in prehistoric times, were probably also bad outbreaks killed people everywhere - in europe it came out of nowhere it was feared bc of how quickly it killed people - ppl worried about being given their last rights from a priest before death
front 3 "the plague"	back 3 caused by yersinia pestis bacterium normally infects rodents (preferred by y pestis) - naturally circulate among wild rodents occasionally will jump to humans + start causing disease in them unique feature of yersinia - can infect fleas - special property only few bacteria have proliferate in fleas -> transmit to rodent/human when bitten by flea normally transmitted by fleas circulates btw rodents/humans VIA the flea (flea = vector)
front 4 bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic plague	back 4 bit by infected flea - bacteria infected -> nearest lymph node = initial infection local, intense infection site manifest in 3 ways bubonic plague - localized infection (near where initial infection occurred) immune system try to keep pathogen/infection localized systemic plague (septicemic plague) immune system fails to keep local spreads in body - usually by blood + grow + spread to all parts of body chance of survival goes way down (likely 0 w/o antibiotics) can get worse: infect lungs pneumonic plague infection progressed from blood to lungs very fatal - can be fatal even w/ antibiotics bad for community -> cough + spread + transmit pathogen to others directly = spreads easily if infected by someone else - if start in lung - very bad bc pathogen has head start better to be infected by flea than a person. "black death" - name bc tissue dies and gets black

front 5 plague + pestilence in london	back 5 dont know how many ppl died in europe estimate 1/4 to 1/3 of europe died some parts were worse than others most deaths in summer months (plague season) scary bc ppl didnt know when it would come + didnt have good measures to fight it last one - great plague of london - terrible
front 6 what was thought at the time to be cause of the plague?	back 6 God punishing mankind for sins "pest maiden" in scandanavia jews accused of poisoning wells experts said it was caused by unusual alignment of planets
front 7 19th century (1880s) - germ theory of disease 17th century (1660s) - humans became aware of microbes 14th century (1350) - black death	back 7 humans didnt know microbes existed at the time not until 17th century - became aware of their existence (far from even knowing it could cause disease)
front 8 the plague today	back 8 plague still around + infects people easily treatabe if given antibiotics fairly quickly more in subsahara africa + madagascar (there endemically, every year ppl get it) can be blood-blood transmission - usually how ppl get it in the US if bitten by infected wild animal

front 9 draft genome	back 9 is same yersinia pestis still around? in last few years, dug up plague victims dates from london 1348-1350 recovered y pestis DNA from them were able to recover enough to sequence entire genome of y pestis killing ppl in that 14th century compared to genetic sequence with current y pestis today - they turned out to be the same genetically the same as those hundreds of years ago thus, less deaths due to other things - like public health measures to contain it, antibiotics, etc. = less ppl die/world not as impacted = early episodes of plague truly caused by y pestis
front 10 GREAT INFLUENZA on 1918 - SPANISH FLU	back 10 estimated 25-50 million deaths book on slide = definitive historical account knew abt microbes 100 yrs ago + that they cause disease at time, wasnt clear what was going on was caused by flu (virus)
front 11 flu virus cellular infection cycle	back 11 hemagglutinin protein (H protein) - enables virus to attach to host cell neuraminidase (N protein) - required for release of progeny virus after the infected cell lyses viruses infect cells THIS IS AN RNA VIRUS for part of life cycle - genetic material goes to nucleus simpler than HIV - doesnt involve genetic material integrating 2 surface proteins (mentioned above) H protein and N protein H protein - responsible for getting virion in the cell - initiates infection in cells N protein - important for last stage of infection process - virion emerging from cell these 2 proteins are the famous part of the virus they determine how nasty flu virion will be these vary among diff strains of flu virus ex: caused by Spanish: H1N1 in 60s and 70s: their H and N proteins are slightly diff 1918 was the worst one
front 12 each year 3 strains are chosen for selection in the flu vaccination for that year by WHO global influenza surveillance network	back 12 chosen strains are H1N1, H3N2, and type B strains throught to most likely cause significant human suffering in the coming season flu emerges every year - get diff strain every year happens bc of where it comes from - starts in wild or domesticated bird populations -> make way to domesticated birds -> jump to swine to humans OR can jump directly from chickens/birds to humans making flu vaccine - try to predict which type of flu will come up each year vaccine make neutralizing antibodies vs H1N1 (could possibly come up in a certain cycle) they do these old ones AS WELL as making educated guesses on what might. come up in a new strain while making vaccine difficult tot make vaccine bc dont know

front 13 no data	back 13 flu very seasonal based on symptoms - more in winter/near year time flu went down drastically during covid bc of precautions
front 14 even partial protection may reduce viral load that lowers chance of getting severely sick as well as transmitted virus to others	back 14 how flu vaccine similar to covid one will not protect you from getting flu - can get if vaccinated - are just more likely to suffer less/less severe symptoms same w/ covid
front 15 eradication of a human infectious disease	back 15 success - smallpox success story completely eradication/eliminated/wiped bc vaccine extremely potent - prevents person from getting it also bc only infects humans - entirely human population
front 16 near success	back 16 polio mainly affects children unter 5 years old 1 in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis and of those 5-10% die when breathing muscles are immobilized cases due to wild poliovirus have decrease by over 99% since 1988, from estimated 350,000 cases then to 33 reported cases in 2018 as long as single child remainds infected, children in all countries are at risk of contracting polio failure to eradicate polio from these last remaining strongholds could result in as many as 200,000 new cases every year, within 10 years, all over the world in most countries, global effort has expanded capacities to tackle other infectious diseases by building effective surveillance and immunization systems

front 17 nigeria reaches 1 year without polio	back 17 Today marks one year since Nigeria’s last reported case of wild poliovirus paralyzed a child. Final laboratory results on all specimens from acute flaccid paralysis cases and environmental samples for the full 12 month period are expected by September 2015. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative commends the hard work of the Nigerian government, partners, religious and community leaders, and health workers for such strong progress towards stopping polio. Neil Munshi in Lagos AUGUST 20, 2019 Nigeria is on the verge of being declared polio-free, which would mean the virus has been eradicated across Africa. Wednesday marks three years since Nigeria’s last documented case of polio, which was also the last case recorded in Africa. This means the continent can be certified free of the virus by the World Health Organisation-backed Global Polio Eradication Initiative once the remaining samples have been analysed. The milestone is an important achievement for Africa’s most populous country. “It is a big deal for Nigeria, for Africa and for the world,” said Tunji Funsho of Rotary International, the charity which has been at the forefront of the country’s fight against the disease.
front 18 wild polio eradicated in africa	back 18 polio vaccune - attenuated (alive but w/o capacity of the wild type) this strain of polio to vaccinate humans can revert back and become partially pathogenic = can cause symptoms in children if vaccinated
front 19 is measles next?	back 19 ASSIGNED READING ARTICLE some disease fighters want to eradicate the most contageous virus of all - but does a world still fighting polio have the stomach to try This article is the assigned reading - health professionals proposing to go after measles + eliminate it - is actually a big killer in parts of the world - prob could eliminate it, vaccines are good
front 20 mortality rates	back 20 Right after WWII, public health infastructure destroyed - so in Germany, as infastructure rebuilt, saw decline = selective data/cherry picking data They leave info out

front 21

anti vaccine movements

back 21

Children with neurological disorders are often suffering from severe gastrointestinal distress and inflammation. A trigger of this inflammation and the resultant behaviors is the MMR vaccine.

We cite four published studies that support this position:

Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children

Lancet 1998 Feb 28

Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, [University Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital and School of Medicine, London, UK]

This study demonstrates that the MMR vaccine triggered autistic behaviors and inflammatory bowel disease in autistic children. Excerpt:

"Onset of behavioral symptoms was associated, by the parents, with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination [MMR] in eight of the 12 children, with measles infection in one child, and otitis media in another… We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers."

Paper used by many groups to create mistrust in vaccines

- turned out to be a fraudulent paper

- made up data

- he had financial interest in the outcome

Paper retracted

front 22

no data

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Many studies have shown that the vaccine he claimed to cause autism (MMR)

- other studies failed to find associated btw autism and the vaccine

Some ppl say the thirmosol (contains mercury) was source of problem

no longer used in medicine anyway

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micro test 2 lecture 1