front 1 Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by | back 1 the autonomic nervous system |
front 2 While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is | back 2 Activity restriction |
front 3 Which type of leukemia primarily affects children? | back 3 ALL (Acute lymphoid leukemia) |
front 4 A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is | back 4 pulmonary embolus |
front 5 Velocity of blood flow is measured in | back 5 Centimeters per second. |
front 6 True or False: Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions. | back 6 False |
front 7 The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is | back 7 IgE. |
front 8 Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure. | back 8 increases capillary hydrostatic |
front 9 The Philadelphia chromosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called | back 9 bcr-abl. |
front 10 When a patient is struck in the eye by a baseball, the result is redness and swelling. This increase in blood flow to a localized area is called | back 10 hyperemia. |
front 11 The relationship of blood flow (Q), resistance (R), and pressure (P) in a vessel can be expressed by which equation? | back 11 Q = P/R |
front 12 A 5-year-old patient’s parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child’s most likely diagnosis is | back 12 ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia) |
front 13 What is the correct definition of complete remission (CR) of leukemia? | back 13 CR is less than 5% blasts in marrow and normal CBC values. |
front 14 A primary effector cell of the type I hypersensitivity response is | back 14 mast cells. |
front 15 The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type | back 15 IV. |
front 16 Myasthenia gravis is a type II hypersensitivity disorder that involves | back 16 impaired muscle function. |
front 17 Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they | back 17 develop recurrent infections |
front 18 Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome? | back 18 CML (chronic myeloid leukemia) |
front 19 What laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia? | back 19 Pancytopenia |
front 20 TRUE/FALSE The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts. | back 20 True |
front 21 Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of | back 21 intrinsic factor. |
front 22 Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum | back 22 bilirubin. |
front 23 Which vessel normally demonstrates the most rapid blood flow? | back 23 The vena cava |
front 24 Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of | back 24 glucose. |
front 25 The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in | back 25 fibrinolysis. |
front 26 The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the | back 26 oxygen-hemoglobin affinity |
front 27 A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with | back 27 telangiectasia. |
front 28 What is necessary for red blood cell production? | back 28 Iron |
front 29 The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the | back 29 kidney. |
front 30 Which causes vasoconstriction? | back 30 Norepinephrine |
front 31 An increase in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen occurs with | back 31 shift to the left. |
front 32 TRUE/FALSE Vaccination for pneumococcal pneumonia should be performed before 1 year of age in patients with sickle cell anemia. | back 32 False |
front 33 Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia, because they are both | back 33 microcytic. |
front 34 The final step in clot formation is | back 34 clot retraction. |
front 35 A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs | back 35 platelet adhesion to injured tissue. |
front 36 A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia? | back 36 Iron deficiency |
front 37 The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is | back 37 measured to improve oxygenation |
front 38 A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops
glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type | back 38 III |
front 39 group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)? | back 39 Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising |
front 40 In general, the best prognosis for long-term disease-free survival occurs with | back 40 ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia) |
front 41 Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of
specific proteins on a person’s cells. | back 41 HLA or MHC |
front 42 Autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which | back 42 Stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the same patient. |
front 43 A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back
pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates | back 43 myeloma |
front 44 The effects of histamine release include | back 44 increased vascular permeability |
front 45 Renal insufficiency is a common complication of which disease? | back 45 myeloma |
front 46 A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing | back 46 vitamin K deficiency bleeding |
front 47 A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is | back 47 elevated total iron-binding capacity |
front 48 Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency? | back 48 Liver |
front 49 The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the | back 49 oxygen-hemoglobin affinity |
front 50 The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is | back 50 measure to improve oxygenation |
front 51 When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow | back 51 decreases |
front 52 A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is | back 52 asprin |
front 53 TRUE/FALSE Vaccination for pneumococcal pneumonia should be performed
before 1 year of age in patients with sickle | back 53 False, Vaccination for pneumococcal pneumonia should be performed
before 2 years of age in patients with |
front 54 The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of | back 54 extrinsic pathway |
front 55 The megakaryocyte is a precursor to | back 55 platelets |
front 56 The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is | back 56 erythropoietin administration |
front 57 Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count? | back 57 Hemolytic anemia |
front 58 What are the two specific immune cells | back 58 T-cells & B-cells |
front 59 What are the Non-Specific immune cells | back 59 Eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils. |
front 60 What are the two types of alterations in the immune function | back 60 Excessive Immune response & Deficient immune response. |
front 61 Excessive Immune response | back 61 Over-or hyper-functioning of immune system |
front 62 Deficient Immune response | back 62 inefective imunne response |
front 63 What is autoimmunity? | back 63 The immune system attacks its own tissues. |
front 64 What appears to increase the risk of autoimmune disorders? | back 64 MHC gene (HLA) females at higher risk |
front 65 Hypersensitivity describes... | back 65 The mechanism of injury |
front 66 True or False Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity will eventually lead to inflammation. | back 66 True |
front 67 Treatment for autoimmunity... | back 67 Individualized immunosuppressive therapy 1. Corticosteroids & Cytotoxins (MTX) 2. Tumor necrosis facto inhibitors 3. Therapeutic Plasmaphersis |
front 68 Treatment for Type 1 hypersensitivity include: | back 68 IgE blocker therapy: Inhibits binding of IgE to mast cells; Antihistamines: Block the effects of histamine; Epinephrine: Counter effect of histamine (Epi Pen); Beta-adrenergic: decrease bronchoconstriction; Corticoidsteriods: Decrease inflammation response; Anticholinergics: Block parasympathetic system. |
front 69 Malignant transformation of B-cell plasma cells | back 69 Plasma cell myeloma |
front 70 Myeloid lineage or Lymphoid lineage? B cells, T cells, and NK cells. | back 70 Lymphoid lineage |
front 71 Myeloid lineage or Lymphoid lineage? Red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, granulocytes. | back 71 Myeloid lineage |
front 72 An example of neoplasms from the myeloid lineage include alterations in: A. Granulocytes B. B cells C. T Cells D. NKA cells | back 72 A. Granulocytes |
front 73 Classification of hematologic neoplasms categories based on... | back 73 The cell type of the neoplasm |
front 74 What are the three most common manifestations of Leukemia? | back 74 1. Anemia 2. Thrombocytopenia 3. Leukopenia (neutropenia) |
front 75 Main typical symptoms of malignant disorders of white blood cells? | back 75 Recurrent infections and enlarged, non-tender lymph nodes. |
front 76 Main treatments for malignant disorders of white blood cells... | back 76 Chemotherapy and Stem cell transplant |
front 77 What type of leukemia: -Adult | back 77 CML (Chronic myeloid leukemia) |
front 78 What type of leukemia: -Abrupt onset -Adults -Poor prognosis | back 78 AML (Acute myeloid leukemia) |
front 79 What type of leukemia: -Most common, B cell precursors -Bone Marrow infiltration: Reduces production of RBC/platlets -Malignant lymphocytes invade lymphoid tissues and bone marrow-disrupt function -asymptomatic, Usually found by accident in routine blood examination. -5% associated with more aggressive T cells. | back 79 CLL (chronic lymphoid leukemia) |
front 80 What type of leukemia: -Primarily in children -Better prognosis in children than adults | back 80 ALL (Acute lymphoid leukemia) |
front 81 Hodgkins or Non-Hodgkin? B cells/ EB virus/ 20-40ys male/ Contiguous lymphatic pathways/ Cervical nodes/ single node or localized node chain/ 85% 5 yr survival rate | back 81 Hodgkins |
front 82 Hodgkins or Non-Hodgkin? B, T and NK cells/ Burkitt lymphoma, Epstein Barr virus and HIV/ Older male/ Non-predicatable growth/ 50% 5-year survival rate | back 82 Non-Hosgkins |
front 83 Associated with Reed-Sternberg cells, Hodgkins or Non Hodgkins? | back 83 Hodgkins |
front 84 In Hodgkins, where is the most common site for lymph node enlargement? | back 84 Cervical nodes |
front 85 In Non-Hodgkins what are two serious oncological emergencies that can occur | back 85 1. Superior vena cava obstruction 2. Spinal cord compression |
front 86 -Most numerous -4.2-6.2 million cells/mm3 -Buffer blood Ph-Carbonic anhydrase | back 86 Erythrocytes - RBC |
front 87 Where is erythropoeitin (EPO) made? | back 87 Kidneys (only) in adults newborns: LIver and kidneys |
front 88 Nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis | back 88 requires adequate amounts of iron, protein, vitamins, and minerals |
front 89 What is anemia? | back 89 Deficiency of red cells |
front 90 What is polycythemia? | back 90 excess red cells |
front 91 Absorption of B12 in the small intestine requires _______ _______, which is produced by the ______ ______ __ __ ________. | back 91 intrinsic factor parietal cells of the stomach |
front 92 Intestinal bacteria convert conjugated bilirubin into urobilinogen; execreted primarily in the stool but also in the urine is apart of what? | back 92 red cell destruction |
front 93 What are the compensatory mechanisms to restore tissue oxygenation? | back 93 Increase HR, cardiac output, circulatory rate, and flow to vital organs. Increase in erythropoietin production/activity SNS (sympathetic nervous system) activation: Hypertension, HF, dyshythmia |
front 94 Low oxygen-carying capacity leads to... | back 94 hypoxia |
front 95 Stem cell disorder characterized by the reductio of hematopoietic tissue, fatty marrow replacement, and pancytopenia. | back 95 Aplastic anemia |
front 96 Low RBC, WBC, and platelets | back 96 pancytopenia |
front 97 How do you diagnosis aplastic anemia? | back 97 Diagnosed with bone marrow biopsy |
front 98 Treatment for aplastic anemia | back 98 bone marrow transplantation |
front 99 Failure of the renal endocrine function impairs erythropoietin production and bone marrow compensation. | back 99 Anemia of chronic renal failure. |
front 100 Treatment for anemia of chronic renal failure | back 100 Diayalis, administration of erythropoietin, replacement of iron, folate and B12 |
front 101 Disruption in DNA synthesis of blast cells produces megaloblasts (macrocytic). | back 101 Anemia related to vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate deficiency |
front 102 Due to lack of intrisic factors leading to vitamin B12 deficiency | back 102 Pernicious anemia |
front 103 Clinical manifestations of pernicious anemia | back 103 Increase MCV, low RBC, WBC, and platelet count. megaloblastic dysplasia. |
front 104 Most common nutritional deficiency in the world. | back 104 Iron deficiency anemia. |
front 105 In which anemia does serum ferritin level decrease serum iron level decreased, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) increased. -microcytic | back 105 iron deficiency anemia |
front 106 True or false; Does iron deficiency cause Pica? | back 106 True |
front 107 Treatment for iron deficiency anemia | back 107 Oral administration of ferrous sulfate or IV ferric gluconate (only in severe cases) Used for 4-6months |
front 108 Increased RBC destruction (hemolysis) resulting in decreased RBC survival rates. microcytic | back 108 Thalassemia |
front 109 In Thalassemia, associated with the mutant gene that suppresses the rate of globin chain synthesis | back 109 Autosomal recessive |
front 110 term meaning: red blood cell size is smaller than the normal range | back 110 microcytic |
front 111 Genetically determined defect of hemoglobin synthesis resulting in hemoglobin instability and insolubility. | back 111 Sickle cell anemia |
front 112 Sickle cell anemia causes... | back 112 vascular occlusion |
front 113 In what race is sickle cell almost exclusively in? | back 113 Black race |
front 114 what cures sickle cell anemia | back 114 stem cell transplant |
front 115 Maternal antibodies against Rh+ antigen on fetal RBC not inherited from mother causes... from Rh incompatibility | back 115 Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
front 116 What is the treatment for hemolytic disease of the newborn> | back 116 A standard dose of anti-RH immune globulin (RhoGAm) is given to the mother before or after delivery. |
front 117 Initial response to a vascular injury involving the interaction between platelets and the endothelium of the injured vessel is.... | back 117 the primary stage of hemostasis |
front 118 Involves the formation of a fibrin clot through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways; coagulation | back 118 secondary stage of hemostasis |
front 119 clot retraction | back 119 final stage of hemostasis |
front 120 What is fibrinolysis? | back 120 Clot dissolution |
front 121 When does fibrinolysis occur? | back 121 as fibrin clot is forming |
front 122 What is the process of fibrinolysis? | back 122 Plasminogen activators Plasmin digests fibrinogen and fibrin and inactivates factors V and VIII |
front 123 What are critical for hemostasis? | back 123 Ca++ and Vit K |
front 124 How do we evaluate primary and secondary hemostasis? | back 124 Laboratory test: CBC; Bleeding time: evaluates the vascular status and platelet function; PT/INR: assesses the extrinsic pathway of coagulation; aPTT assesses the intrinsic pathway. |
front 125 In evaluating primary and secondary hemostasis, what does D-dimer reflect? | back 125 fibrinolysis |
front 126 Caused by:Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy; recent immunizations; alcohol ingestion | back 126 Thrombocytopenia |
front 127 What is thrombocytopenia | back 127 Low platelet count. Prolonged bleeding time, petechiae, purpura. |
front 128 What is the most common coagulation disorder? | back 128 Hemophilia |
front 129 In laboratory test for the evaluation of primary and secondary hemostasis what foes PT/INR asses? | back 129 The extrinsic pathway of coagulation |
front 130 What results from hemophilia? | back 130 excessive bleeding |
front 131 Hemophilia is inherited by.... | back 131 x linked recesisve (male dominant) |
front 132 Hemophilia A is... | back 132 factor VII deficiency |
front 133 Hemophilia B is... | back 133 (Christmas disease) factor IX deficiency |
front 134 In hemophilia what is hallmark? | back 134 hemarthrosis |
front 135 Autosomal dominant (equally make and female populaiton) caused by excessive bleeding. | back 135 Von Willebrand Disease |
front 136 What are the causes of excessive bleeding in Von Willebrand Disease? | back 136 Prolonged bleeding time; prolonged aPTT Normal platelet count, normal PT/INR |
front 137 Acquired hemorrhagic syndrome in which clotting and bleeding occur simultaneouslt | back 137 (DIC) Disseminated Intravascular coagulation |
front 138 Causes of DIC | back 138 trauma, malignancy, burns, shock and abruptio placentae |
front 139 What happens to fibrinogen levels and platelet count in DIC | back 139 Decreases |
front 140 Does bleeding time increase or decrease in DIC? | back 140 Increase |
front 141 What happens to PT/INR/aPTT in DIC? | back 141 It is elevated |
front 142 What happens to D-dimer/fibrin split products in DIC? | back 142 it is elevated |
front 143 Treatment for DIC? | back 143 Fresh frozen plasma, packed RBC, platelets, or cryoprecipitate. |
front 144 What is the treatment for hepatic disease? | back 144 Vitamin K administration and Platelet transfusion, fresh frozen plasma or whole/packed blood. |
front 145 A stationary blood clot formed within a vessel or a chamber of the heart | back 145 Thrombus |
front 146 Treatment for thrombus | back 146 anticoagulant therapy thrombolytic drugs surgery to remove thrombus |
front 147 In a blood vessel obstruction, the arterial system obstruction manifests as... | back 147 distal ischemia |
front 148 in a blood vessel obstruction, the venous system obstruction manifests as... | back 148 edema |
front 149 An obstruction that results in reduced flow beyond the obstruction is.... | back 149 downstream, ischemia |
front 150 An obstruction that results in increased pressure before the obstruction | back 150 upstream, congestion |
front 151 A traveling clot is a .... | back 151 embilus |
front 152 An embolus leaving L ventricle is | back 152 Ischemia stroke |
front 153 An embolus leaving R ventricle | back 153 pulmonary embolus |
front 154 Hardening and narrowing in medium and large-sized arteries | back 154 Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis |
front 155 In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis ________ breach intimal layer; leukocytes and endothelial cells oxidize the lipids producing further damage. | back 155 Low-density lipoproteins |
front 156 In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis Process______ to the arterial intima, initiating an inflammatory response and an increase in the vessel wall permeability. | back 156 initiated by endothelial surface damage. |
front 157 In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis __________ normally confined to the other tunicas, drawn to the intima where they proliferate (hardening) | back 157 Media smooth muscle cells |
front 158 In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis Excess lipid and debris accumulate within vessel wall and coalesce into lipid core. | back 158 Narrowing |
front 159 In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis, macrophages engulf the | back 159 lipids; foam cells |
front 160 Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis, can lead to... | back 160 hypertension, cardiac and renal disease, peripheral arterial disease, stroke and myocardial infraction |
front 161 what are nonmodifiable risk factors of Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis? | back 161 Age, gender, family history of CAD, ethnicity |
front 162 what are modifiable risk factors of Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis? | back 162 physical activity, stress and mental health, tobacco usage, hypertension, cholesterol, obesity, glucose intolerance |
front 163 Extreme vasoconstriction producing cessation of flow to fingers and toes. | back 163 Raynaud Syndrome |
front 164 Localized arterial dilations, bulge otward | back 164 Aneurysms |
front 165 Clinical manifestation of aneurysms | back 165 Aortic: sudden severe tearing pain, radiates into back/abdomen, shock |
front 166 Classical signs of acute arterial occlusion (6P'S) | back 166 Pallor, paresthesia, paralysis, pain, polar, pulseless |
front 167 Treatment for acute arterial occlusion | back 167 Medically and surgically |